{"id":5329,"date":"2012-06-21T13:41:35","date_gmt":"2012-06-21T13:41:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/?page_id=5329"},"modified":"2026-05-26T00:21:41","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T00:21:41","slug":"cc-2-3-aggression","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/cc-2-3-aggression\/","title":{"rendered":"CC 2.3 Emotional learning"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/play\/files\/2019\/05\/child-and-father-with-bubbles-SML-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Child and adult playing with bubbles.\" class=\"wp-image-7746\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>If you ask most parents what they want for their children in life, their answer is that they mainly want their children to be happy. But how does this happen? Can we teach happiness?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Watch the next video to learn more.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-26kHvA wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2022\/06\/327143468.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Children learn to be happy (1:36)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/327143468?api=1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z1qmalR wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>What role do parents play in helping their children learn to be happy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How  might you, in your work with children, support parents in helping their children learn to be happy?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Happiness is one of a wide spectrum of emotions that develop in early childhood. Children begin with a few simple emotions (happiness, sadness, anger) but, especially as they develop social cognition, gradually display other more complex emotions (jealousy, shame, satisfaction).  In the next video, notice how the parent labels and supports her baby&#8217;s emotional responses.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-Z2f3CkF wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2023\/10\/respectingBabysEmotions.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Respecting baby&#8217;s emotions (1:25)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/874199755?api=1      \"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The following reading, from the <em>Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development<\/em>, provides an overview of emotional development in early childhood and discusses how children develop emotional competence. Try the interact that follows to review some concepts from the reading.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-16jQoR wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/emotions\/according-experts\/emotional-intelligence-first-five-years-life\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Emotional intelligence in the first five years of life<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The following paper, from the Center on the Developing Child, describes how emotional development is built into the architecture of children&#8217;s brains.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z1G0JD2 wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/developingchild.harvard.edu\/resources\/childrens-emotional-development-is-built-into-the-architecture-of-their-brains\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Children\u2019s emotional development is built into the architecture of their brains: Working Paper #2<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z1horPg wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>The article states that emotional development is not given the same attention and recognition as other areas of development such as cognition and language. Have you found that to be the case?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If so, what are some ways to raise awareness about the importance of emotional development?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The <em>Encyclopedia on Early Child Development<\/em> has a wealth of additional content about emotional competence. Read the topic synthesis and explore the other material on the site.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z2hB2dW wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/emotions\/synthesis\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Emotions<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stress behaviour and misbehaviour<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> <\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/play\/files\/2019\/05\/Angry-toddler-SML-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Teacher intervenes as angry toddler about to hit another child.\" class=\"wp-image-7752\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>As children grow, they are expected to gradually learn to control their emotions and behaviour. On page 1.1 in this module, Dr. Stuart Shanker, distinguished research professor emeritus at York University, explained the difference between self-regulation and self-control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the next clip he discusses this in terms of brain development and distinguishes between what he calls &#8220;red brain&#8221; (when the brain is dysregulated and self-control is difficult) and &#8220;blue brain&#8221; (when a child is calm and focused) states.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-wlRbO wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Shanker \u2013 self-regulation, self-control and the brain (1:25)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/318503611?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-shanker-self-regulation-self-control-and-the-brain\/\" target=\"_blank\">Shanker \u2013 self-regulation, self-control and the brain &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Shanker goes on to explain the difference between stress behaviour from misbehaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-3aNTR wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Shanker \u2013 stress behavior versus misbehavior (1:40)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/318503803?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-shanker-stress-behaviour-versus-misbehaviour\/\" target=\"_blank\">Shanker \u2013 stress behavior versus misbehavior &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Shanker stresses that when a child is in the &#8220;red brain&#8221; state it is very difficult for them to learn, to be aware of their surroundings and to change their behaviour. It is not the best time to expect them to listen to reason. Shanker has a method for helping children with emotional regulation that is explained on page 3.1 of this module.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-Z4lumm wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Children express stress differently at different ages and at time, may regress in their emotional expression.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-rsdve wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Shanker \u2013 developmental expressions of stress (2:37)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/318503220?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-shanker-developmental-expressions-of-stress\/\" target=\"_blank\">Shanker \u2013 developmental expressions of stress &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sspdAgression\">Aggression <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> <\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>All children demonstrate some aggression early in life, especially as toddlers. Learning to channel aggression in socially acceptable ways is key to developing social competence, including positive peer interactions.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2012\/06\/Child-aggression-photo-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Two angry looking boys grabbing and pushing each other.\" class=\"wp-image-7332\" title=\"Child aggression photo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2012\/06\/Child-aggression-photo-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2012\/06\/Child-aggression-photo-1024x682.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Dr. Richard Tremblay, child psychologist and professor of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and Psychology at the University of Montreal, has been studying aggression trajectories from early childhood to adolescence and beyond for many years. Listen as Tremblay begins this discussion of childhood aggression by describing the Montreal Longitudinal Study and the variability of aggressive behaviours.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-21kpM wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Tremblay &#8211; Montreal longitudinal experimental study (3:51)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90182759?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-tremblay-montreal-longitudinal-experimental-study-study-of-aggression\/\" target=\"_blank\">Tremblay &#8211; Montreal longitudinal experimental study &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZyIhUb wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Tremblay &#8211; variations in physical aggression (2:38)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90184251?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-tremblay-variations-in-physical-aggression\/\" target=\"_blank\">Tremblay &#8211; variations in physical aggression &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In the next clip, Tremblay explains why it is important for children to learn to regulate aggression during the preschool period.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z25LK1K wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Tremblay &#8211; early onset of aggression; aggression and preschool period (3:20)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90182903?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-tremblay-early-onset-of-aggression-aggression-and-preschool-period\/\" target=\"_blank\">Tremblay &#8211; early onset of aggression; aggression and preschool period &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Now Tremblay highlights an intervention that was implemented with boys who showed high risk behaviours.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1Mwq8p wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Tremblay &#8211; intervention (2:29)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90182769?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-tremblay-intervention\/\" target=\"_blank\">Tremblay &#8211; intervention &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z8h6zA wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Tremblay discusses the importance of helping children learn to curb physical aggression in the first three or four years of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What aspects of the environment do you think help children learn to control aggression and become socially competent?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tremblay discusses an intervention program used in the study with high risk boys. Can you see how what they did might be implemented on a wide scale? Do you know of such a program?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Listen as Tremblay describes the value of play fighting, which is a particular type of active play commonly referred to as rough-and-tumble-play.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-LcdfL wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Tremblay &#8211; play fighting; rough and tumble (2:10)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90184298?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-tremblay-play-fighting-rough-and-tumble\/\" target=\"_blank\">Tremblay &#8211; play fighting; rough and tumble &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The following provides a good synthesis of research on aggression in young children.<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z1vIDwq wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/aggression#:~:text=Download-,Synthesis,-UPDATED%3A%20DECEMBER%202022\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Aggression: Synthesis<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z15B4Xd wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Were there any surprises for you in this reading?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The author mentions a number of social determinants  such as low income and  education that are associated with higher levels of physical aggression among boys. Why might that be the case?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adults tend to notice and intervene more with physical aggression than relational aggression although both are equally damaging. What can be done about this?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/play\/files\/2019\/05\/rough-and-tumble-SML-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Three children play fighting on grass.\" class=\"wp-image-7753\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In early childhood settings, behaviour management can be very challenging. Trained, experienced staff know that an interesting, busy program, an engaging well-planned environment and sensitive nurturing are key to keeping children happy and constructively occupied. Still, as Dr. Richard Tremblay says, a certain amount of physical aggression is normal among young children. Many programs and individuals who work with children have a low tolerance for rough-and-tumble play or play-fighting which is popular, especially among preschool boys. Tremblay has a different take on this, one that is supported by research. I<span style=\"color: #000000\">n the next video, Marc Battle and Melinda Walden &#8211; both Early Childhood Education instructors &#8211; discuss rough and tumble play among school-age children.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1KfvkD wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Battle and Walden &#8211; rough and tumble play (1:33)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/124549072?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-battle-and-walden-rough-and-tumble-play\/\" target=\"_blank\">Battle and Walden &#8211; rough and tumble play &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-9cBPn wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>If children an early childhood program show an interest in play-fighting and rough-and-tumble play, how might you use the evidence on this page to have a discussion about including this type of play in the program?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How might it be managed in a way that is psychologically and physically safe for children? Are there any community characteristics that might impact the approach you take?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>This next reading by Sergio and Vivien Pellis from the <em>Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development<\/em> reflects Tremblay&#8217;s ideas, and further discusses the role of play-fighting to foster positive social skills, enhance emotional self-regulation and prevent aggression later in life.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z1VTtU1 wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/aggression\/according-experts\/play-fighting-during-early-childhood-and-its-role-preventing-later\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Play-fighting\u00a0during early childhood<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>To learn more about the topic of aggression in childhood explore the following topic folder in the online <em>Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-174mm5 wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/en-ca\/child-aggression\/how-important-is-it.html\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Aggression<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prosocial behaviour and moral development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As discussed above, part of developing social competence is learning how to channel aggressive impulses. Children need to be able to replace aggressive actions with more socially acceptable ones. Behaving in prosocial ways is another aspect of social competence. As explained in the next reading, prosocial behaviours are actions people do to benefit others or to protect them from harm. The reading explains that moral development underlies prosocial behaviours and describes why prosocial behaviour is important, what we know about it, and suggestions for encouraging prosocial behaviour in young children.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-jcSSb wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/pdf\/synthese\/prosocial-behaviour\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Prosocial behaviour: Synthesis<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>This article describes some early prosocial behaviours demonstrated by 18-month olds. It is possible to study moral development in even younger children. The next video shows how some research is done on infants&#8217; moral choices. This video was filmed at the University of Manitoba, in a lab run by Dr. Melanie Soderstrom. She describes the research methodology they use (originally developed by Kiley Hamlin) as well as its challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1jUpQg wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Soderstrom \u2013 moral choice study (4:56)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/400392994?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-soderstrom-moral-choice-study\/\" target=\"_blank\">Soderstrom \u2013 moral choice study &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z2tdfsc wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Soderstrom describes specific aspects of the research protocol and design, such as the parent keeping their eyes closed and positioning the child a certain way, and the researcher being unaware of which shape was the &#8220;helper&#8221; and which was the &#8220;hinderer&#8221;. Why are these important?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why is it important to be aware of exactly how research is done in order to critically evaluate the findings?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The study demonstrated in the video above is one of many studies investigating early moral choices. Van de Vondervoort and Hamlin (2018) explain that while studies in this area have shown that infants have a preference for people and objects that behave in prosocial ways over those who are antisocial, more research is needed to understand why the infants show those preferences. For example, are the prosocial preferences due to infants being concerned about their own well being, about morality, or both?<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-Z21e8vo wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p>See the next reading, from the <em>Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development<\/em>, for a discussion on how moral development and prosocial behaviours are linked.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-25NMKf wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/prosocial-behaviour\/according-experts\/moral-foundations-prosocial-behaviour\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">The moral foundations of prosocial behaviour<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Social cognition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Studies show that our understanding of mental states and awareness that all people have their own point of view, feelings and ideas develops and deepens gradually in childhood. This awareness is called social cognition. Children who understand that other people have their own thoughts and feelings usually have better social skills than those who don&#8217;t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development<\/em> provides the following synthesis on social cognition research.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-K10kb wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/pdf\/synthese\/social-cognition\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ <\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Social cognition: Synthesis<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>As the reading points out, it is important to help children develop their social cognitive abilities early in life. Dr. Michal Perlman is a professor in the Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. In the next video she describes meta-cognitive language, which refers to an individual&#8217;s language that shows awareness of another person&#8217;s perspective, thoughts, or feelings. She briefly describes her research in child care programs looking at the use of meta-cognitive language.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2jzqn2 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Perlman &#8211; meta-cognitive language (2:22)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125505591?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-perlman-meta-cognitive-language\/\" target=\"_blank\">Perlman &#8211; meta-cognitive language &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-ZQ2QbE wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>The following are a couple of examples of meta-cognitive language. Can you think of more?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>An early childhood educator notices a child is pouting, and acknowledges the child&#8217;s feelings by saying, &#8220;You seem very upset.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A mother hears her daughter yelling loudly at her little brother. The mother says, &#8220;It sounds like you are angry with him about something&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Do you often hear parents and caregivers using meta-cognitive language?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How do you think parents and staff in early years programs could be encouraged to use more meta-cognitive language?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Perlman suggests the need for training interventions to encourage more use of meta-cogntivie language by staff in early childhood programs. What do you think such an intervention might look like?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How important do you think it is to link interventions with research?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you ask most parents what they want for their children in life, their answer is that they mainly want their children to be happy. But how does this happen? Can we teach happiness? Watch the next video to learn more. Happiness is one of a wide spectrum of emotions that develop in early childhood. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":65,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5329","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5329","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5329"}],"version-history":[{"count":89,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16443,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5329\/revisions\/16443"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}