{"id":3535,"date":"2011-09-27T16:54:18","date_gmt":"2011-09-27T16:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/2-3-monitoring-early-child-development-draft\/"},"modified":"2026-08-20T17:33:36","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T17:33:36","slug":"2-3-monitoring-early-child-development-draft","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/2-3-monitoring-early-child-development-draft\/","title":{"rendered":"DH 2.3 Monitoring early child development"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/files\/2011\/09\/weighingBabyKenya.jpg\" alt=\"Baby lying in weigh scale.\" class=\"wp-image-2023\" title=\"weighingBabyKenya\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you don\u2019t measure something, how do you know if it\u2019s doing any good?\u201d (Dr. Dan Offord, personal communication, 1998).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As the understanding of, and investment in, early child development increases, so does the desire and need to assess outcomes of interventions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What are our expectations and hopes for children?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do children need to be able to do at various ages in the early years?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do they need to know?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Defining and assessing indicators of early child learning and development can be a particularly difficult task. Early child care and education can include multiple goals, programs and services and much depends on the community, cultures and regional contexts. Standardized indicators for any one community or country may not be easily determined. Monitoring early child development is essential for decision-making about policies and financial resources. But more importantly, when we monitor how well children are doing in our communities and countries, we are paying attention to the quality of their lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Listen as Dr. Lia Fernald of the School of Public Health at the University of California Berkeley discusses some issues related to monitoring and evaluating program outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZbQeaz wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Fernald &#8211; monitoring and evaluation (1:53)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90193526?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-fernald-monitoring-and-evaluation\/\" target=\"_blank\">Fernald &#8211; monitoring and evaluation &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are different scientifically acceptable methods for monitoring child development.&nbsp;Five approaches are described below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. <strong>The population-based survey approach<\/strong> uses aggregated assessments of individual children at a specific age and universal or almost universal points of contact such as birth or entry to school. It provides the most efficient \u2018snap shot\u2019 of children\u2019s development at one point in time. The data can be analyzed at a country, state, local region, neighbourhood or service catchment area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Listen now as Dr. Martin Guhn, member of the Canadian Council on the Social Determinants of Health, explains population-based data collection, its advantages and limitations.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1onE05 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Guhn \u2013 population-based data collection (4:04)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241724799?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-guhn-population-based-data-collection\/\" target=\"_blank\">Guhn \u2013 population-based data collection &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Mariana Brussoni, the current director of the Human Early Learning Partnership (HELP), outlines the key role population-level instruments play in their child monitoring system.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Qk0im wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Brussoni &#8211; child monitoring system (1:55)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/885688419?api=1      \" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-brussoni-child-monitoring-system\/\" target=\"_blank\">Brussoni &#8211; child monitoring system &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Visit their website to learn about each of the instruments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z1m0NTR wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/earlylearning.ubc.ca\/monitoring-system\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Human Early Learning Partnership monitoring system <\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Early Development Instrument (EDI), developed in Canada and widely used there and elsewhere to get a snapshot of development of kindergarten-age children, is one example of a population-based survey tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Listen as Dr. Magdalena Janus,&nbsp;professor of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences at the Offord Centre for Child Studies at McMaster University,&nbsp;explains the EDI.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z2gU1wm wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Janus &#8211; EDI explained (2:22)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90188154?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-janus-edi-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\">Janus &#8211; EDI explained &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1zQ3Bz wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Janus &#8211; kindergarten population measure (1:40)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90188139?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-janus-kindergarten-population-measure\/\" target=\"_blank\">Janus &#8211; kindergarten population measure &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As EDI data collection continues, it is interesting to observe broad patterns. In the next video, Dr. Kimberly Shonert-Reichl, the NoVo Foundation Endowed Chair in Social and Emotional Learning and Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago; Former Applied Developmental Psychologist and a Professor in the Human Development, Learning, and Culture area in the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education at the University of British Columbia (UBC); and the Former Director of the Human Early Learning Partnership (HELP) in the School of Population and Public Health in the Faculty of Medicine at UBC, discusses the Wave 6 results in British Columbia.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1l4NiM wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 EDI update &#8211; wave 6 results (2:09)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241049904?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-schonert-reichl-edi-update-wave-6-results\/\" target=\"_blank\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 EDI update &#8211; wave 6 results &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z2efeK1 wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schonert-Reichl says that while vulnerability in language and cognitive development seems to be decreasing, there is increased vulnerability among 5-year in the domains of emotional maturity and social competence. She suggests some reasons for this change. Do you agree with the reasons she suggests?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think about social changes in the last decade, where you live. How might they contribute to or hinder children&#8217;s emotional and social development?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wave 8 results in British Columbia are available on the HELP website.  Explore the EDI dashboard to look at different waves, and to view data by communities or boundaries such as school districts.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-1hhATk wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/earlylearning.ubc.ca\/edi-wave8-provincial-synthesis\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">HELP Wave 8 <\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-Z1TdCck wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Watch a short video from the EDI website&nbsp;about why EDI data collection is important for supporting healthy child development and then listen to Janus&nbsp;describe some of the ways the instrument is used in other countries.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-18SObg wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/efts.offordcentre.com\/edi-and-the-early-years-video\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">The EDI and the Early Years video<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZEhxk8 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Janus &#8211; EDI use around the world (1:02)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90188285?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-janus-edi-use-around-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\">Janus &#8211; EDI use around the world &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This interactive map illustrates where and how EDI has been implemented around the world. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-2x1w5c wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edi.offordcentre.com\/partners\/international\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">EDI around the world <\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Middle Years Development Instrument (MDI) is a survey completed by students. Listen now as Guhn explains the types of questions on the MDI and the grades that are targeted.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-azavG wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Guhn \u2013 Middle Years Development Instrument (1:12)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241724739?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-guhn-middle-years-development-instrument\/\" target=\"_blank\">Guhn \u2013 Middle Years Development Instrument &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-uVhp4 wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next two videos, Guhn points out that the MDI results highlight that social relationships are extremely important to children\u2019s well-being in the school years. Listen as he explains these results and how teachers and school administrators are using the data to make improvements for students.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2vQLT9 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Guhn \u2013 MDI social support data (2:33)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241725158?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-guhn-mdi-social-support-data\/\" target=\"_blank\">Guhn \u2013 MDI social support data &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z9qOE7 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Guhn \u2013 school response to MDI results (2:00)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241726509?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-guhn-school-response-to-mdi-results\/\" target=\"_blank\">Guhn \u2013 school response to MDI results (2:00)<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. <strong>The social indicators approach<\/strong> is an opportunistic mix of data from various available sources, including census surveys, household surveys or <span style=\"color: #000000\">multiple indicator cluster surveys (MICS).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The State of The World\u2019s Children is an example of the social indicators&nbsp;approach. For more than 30 years, UNICEF has published yearly reports of statistics that provide a picture of children&#8217;s circumstances and well-being.&nbsp; Each year the report focuses on a different key issue affecting children around the world.&nbsp; The 2023 report focused on vaccinations, illustrating how the pandemic set back immunization rates in many countries around the world.  Data about mental health, the focus of the 2021 report,&nbsp;was used to create a dynamic and interactive website.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-1uQkxk wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/reports\/state-worlds-children-2023\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">State of the World&#8217;s Children 2023<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-2ocgDP wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/reports\/state-worlds-children-2021\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">State of the World&#8217;s Children 2021<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2019, the report focused on malnutrition.&nbsp;In 2017, the report focused on children in a digital world.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-jSdh wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/reports\/state-of-worlds-children-2019\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">State of the World&#8217;s Children 2019<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z1b9bFM wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/reports\/state-worlds-children-2017\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">State of the World&#8217;s Children 2017<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. <strong>The longitudinal&nbsp;study and approach<\/strong> is a systematic follow-up of a representative sample of a given population of children and their families. These children may be followed for years, even most of their lives. Longitudinal studies provide the most detailed information on the diverse trajectories of children\u2019s development. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Meghan Azad is a research scientist at the Children&#8217;s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba. Listen to her explanation of the importance of longitudinal studies.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-fYSQY wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Azad &#8211; longitudinal studies (2:00)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/857289108\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-azad-longitudinal-studies\/\" target=\"_blank\">Azad &#8211; longitudinal studies &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The CHILD Cohort Study has followed 3500 Canadian families since 2009. Listen to Dr. Azad provide an overview of this study. Then, visit the CHILD Study interactive website to learn about current projects and key findings. Be sure to explore the infographics, and to watch their award-winning videos.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-148XMQ wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Azad &#8211; CHILD Study (3:25)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/857289694\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-azad-child-study\/\" target=\"_blank\">Azad &#8211; CHILD Study &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z1Rqfd1 wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/childstudy.ca\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">CHILD Cohort Study<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Ecology module (page 2.3) you learned about the Carolina Abecedarian Project as an example of an evidence-based intervention for young children. The fact that the original group of children have been followed for 40 years means that this is also an example of a longitudinal study. Dr. Joe Sparling,&nbsp;one of the investigators and developers of the program,&nbsp;outlines the research design of the project, highlighting the success they have had in following the original children.&nbsp; Explore the&nbsp;Carolina Abecedarian Program website to learn more about results at ages 12, 15, 21, 30 and 35.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z145Nm8 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Sparling &#8211; follow-up (1:34)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90200745?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-sparling-follow-up\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sparling &#8211; follow-up &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Zntpxc wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/abc.fpg.unc.edu\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">The Carolina Abecedarian Project<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another example of a longitudinal study is&nbsp;\u00c9tude longitudinale du d\u00e9veloppement des enfants du Qu\u00e9bec or Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (\u00c9LDEQ\/QLSCD). In the first phase of this study, over 2000 children born in 1997 and 1998 were tracked from five months to four years of age. Researchers continue to analyze these data to look at questions related to child well-being and various social environments. Subsequent phases involve data collection every 2 years.&nbsp;\u00c9LDEQ\/QLSCD&nbsp;is now in its fourth phase and in 2021 another round of data was collected from the participants, now young adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The information collected during the fourth phase of the study will be used to continue monitoring various aspects of social adjustment and well-being in youth. Certain new realities that can arise in early adulthood will be examined, such as work, studies, relationships with parents and friends, romantic relationships, finances, lifestyle habits, career choices, and health and well-being. The young participants become the only respondents&#8221; (Institut de la Statistique Quebec, 2021, para. 2).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more information, including data collection methods, visit the website.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-2vTVmi wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iamillbe.stat.gouv.qc.ca\/a_propos\/etude_phase1_an.html\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Institut de la Statistique Quebec<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-key-full-1c8A6D wp-block-lazyblock-key-full\"><div class=\"key-full\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evidence about individual and population developmental trajectories, from both small studies of individual children and large population surveys, is clear and points in the same direction:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is important to support development that is going in the right direction and alter development that may be problematic. The potential is there to improve overall development of a community and society by working with individual children and families.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>During the early years, developmental trajectories are easier to move around than they seem to be later in life. For example, helping a preschool child learn to find ways of getting along with other children is much easier than changing physically aggressive behaviour in later childhood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interactions with young children that support optimal development are also effective interventions that support children who are having difficulties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. A <strong>linked data approach<\/strong> uses routinely-collected population-wide administrative data from health, education and other sources and integrates them to provide developmental trajectories for learning, behaviour and health. In the next two videos, Meghan Azad explains how this approach has been used to add to the richness of the CHILD Cohort Study.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1NKAmP wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Azad &#8211; CHILD Study and EDI (1:08)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/857289931\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-azad-child-study-and-edi\/\" target=\"_blank\">Azad &#8211; CHILD Study and EDI &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-26jUa3 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Azad &#8211; findings and implications (2:43)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/857289238\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-azad-findings-and-implications\/https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-azad-findings-and-implications\/\" target=\"_blank\">Azad &#8211; findings and implications &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Human Early Learning Partnership (HELP) has also linked EDI results to administrative data sets. Dr. Brussoni shares examples of what has been learned from 20 years of EDI data, and how that is enriched when linked to other data sets.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z20jeGq wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Brussoni &#8211; 20 years of EDI (2:10)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/885689110\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-brussoni-20-years-of-edi-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">Brussoni &#8211; 20 years of EDI &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Linked data sets are an efficient way to build detailed information about developmental trajectories. The Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP) specializes in using a linked data approach to conduct population-based research on health, and the social determinants of health. This data is intended to support the development of evidence-informed policy, programs and services that maintain and improve the health and well-being of Manitobans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Marni Brownell, senior research scientist and associate director of research at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy,&nbsp;discusses the linked data approach and compares it to the use of surveys to study population health.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1grs4O wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Brownell &#8211; researching population health (3:18)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90180563?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-brownell-researching-population-health\/\" target=\"_blank\">Brownell &#8211; researching population health &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following research summaries describe studies done by the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy using a linked data approach.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z2vbKed wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca\/reference\/Healthy_Baby_summary.pdf\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Manitoba&#8217;s Healthy Baby program: Does it make a difference?<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-DHjvH wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca\/reference\/MCHP-EDI_summary_final_WEB.pdf\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Early development matters for Manitoba&#8217;s children<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. The <strong>environmental scan approach<\/strong> monitors the quality, use and availability of programs and services available in a community, region, state or country. Data and information about what programs and services exist, how they are being used by families, how they operate and how much they cost allows communities and policy makers to better understand the relationships among children\u2019s developmental outcome data, demographic characteristics and available resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The<em> Early Childhood Education Report<\/em> measures the quality, use and availability of early childhood education in Canada. It has been released every three years, beginning in 2011. Provincial\/territorial early years services are evaluated using a 15-point scale with 21 benchmarks. The benchmarks are organized into five categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>governance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>funding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>access<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>learning environment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>accountability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next video Dr. Emis Akbari, a&nbsp;senior policy fellow at the Atkinson Centre, University of Toronto, and co-author of <em>Early Childhood Education Report<\/em> (2014, 2017, 2020, 2023),&nbsp;provides an overview of this report. In the second video, she describes each of the benchmarks of quality used in the ECER and how they were identified.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z2sXJko wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Akbari &#8211; ECE Report overview (1:39)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/949178135?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-akbari-ece-report-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\">Akbari &#8211; ECE Report overview &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1qBqhU wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Akbari \u2013 benchmarks (1:34)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/949177998?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-akbari-benchmarks\/\" target=\"_blank\">Akbari \u2013 benchmarks &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Review the Early Childhood Education Report website to learn more about the benchmarks and to explore 2023 results.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-1Oi8Vg wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ecereport.ca\/en\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Early Childhood Education Report<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-1Ozk4x wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do you think that the&nbsp;<em>ECE Report<\/em>&nbsp;is a useful tool to monitor how the provinces and territories are doing across Canada?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the&nbsp;<em>ECE Report<\/em>&nbsp;what are the differences in how early childhood education is delivered across Canada?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compare Quebec and Alberta. What are the differences?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-Z2dMurF wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Want to know more? Global monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Multiple Indicator Cluster surveys (MICS), has been collected by UNICEF in over 300 countries for more than 20 years. Watch the video on the link below to learn more about MICS and how these survey findings have influenced policy change.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-ZaSo1K wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mics.unicef.org\/about\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">About MICS<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2014, in anticipation of the coming Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with increased emphasis on early child development, a global group led by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Bank, the Center for Universal Education at the Brookings Institution and UNICEF, came together to \u201cpromote feasible, accurate and useful measurement of children\u2019s development and learning at the start of primary school, and of the quality of their pre-primary learning environments\u201d (UNESCO, 2017, p. 7). The Measurement of Early Learning and Quality Outcomes (MELQO) initiative focused on using the best of existing proven tools while ensuring the flexibility for contextualization for different communities and maintaining technical rigour. The tools were then field tested in a number of countries in 2015 and 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To learn more, read pages 1 \u2013 26 (the overview and description of the development of the MELQO modules) and pages 71 \u2013 95 (about the Measuring of Early Learning Environments (MELE) module.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-1Qp6J9 wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000248053\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">MELQO: Measuring Early Learning Quality and Outcomes<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Nurturing Care Framework developed by UNICEF, WHO (World Health Organization) and other partners with several proposed strategic actions&nbsp;is referred to as&nbsp;a strong, new&nbsp;&#8220;roadmap for action&#8221;&nbsp;(Nurturing Care Framework, 2018a, p. 1). Rather than developing all new indicators, the framework, which complements the SDGs, suggests global indicators from the SDGs and MICs as well as others. (There will be more information about the Nurturing Care Framework on page 3.3 of this module). See pages 48 and 49 in the document to read about new indicators to monitor healthy child development.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z1risDA wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nurturing-care.org\/ncf-for-ecd\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Nurturing Care Framework for Early Childhood Development: Annex 2 Proposed Indicators<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-1vl4KO wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Want to know more? Indicators and outcomes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Policy makers need to find a balance between data that can be compared across countries and regions and data that is local and more sensitive to the context of children\u2019s and families\u2019 daily lives. Work to date offers a selection of viable child development outcomes, service delivery quality measures and community performance indicators.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-cglG5 wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How well are children in your community doing as compared with other similar communities?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is access to early childhood programs (prenatally to school age) comparable?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What about poverty rates? How does your community compare to others?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What other aspects of your community make it a better, or worse place for children? Is there a child-friendly or family-friendly culture in your community?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Jody Heymann,&nbsp;distinguished professor and former dean of the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health,&nbsp;discusses the value of comparable data.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2ugtaq wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Heymann &#8211; comparable data (1:44)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/291937793?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-heymann-comparable-data\/\" target=\"_blank\">Heymann &#8211; comparable data &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heymann goes on to make the case for monitoring child outcomes beyond survival before they begin school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Kofi Marfo,&nbsp;founding director of the Institute for Human Development at Aga Khan University,&nbsp;proposes a compromise between common, comparable data as well as local data that catches those things that are important.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-11Qc6r wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Marfo &#8211; outcomes (4:07)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/363908006?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-marfo-outcomes\/\" target=\"_blank\">Marfo &#8211; outcomes &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-GqK5C wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the interview, Marfo states:<em>&nbsp;\u201c\u2026if my goal is to create a scientific database that allows us to understand what is common across our universe\u2026. But it will also mean that we will have to be ignoring a lot of things that are very important but are localized, so localized that you cannot measure it in the same way across context.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Can you think about indicators that matter to early child development that are specific to your community?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are you familiar with tools that measure aspects of child development outcomes?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Have you used them in your work?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do you see as the benefits and limitations?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the compromise that Kofi suggests?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next clip, Marfo discusses the difficulties in finding comparable data, even when researchers and policy-makers have the best intentions.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZPyHJz wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Marfo &#8211; catching data (1:51)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/363907915?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-marfo-catching-data\/\" target=\"_blank\">Marfo &#8211; catching data &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">First Nations Research<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historically, even in the recent past, research on First Nations &#8211; land, people and resources &#8211; was often unethical and irrelevant to First Nations peoples (The First Nations Information Governance Centre, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Research tended to prioritize government and institutions wishes instead of considering community needs or priorities. Western research did not provide the opportunity for communities to determine research needs or provide ownership over data and results. Even recent research has not always been in the best interests of Indigenous peoples. Today, research with First Nations should follow OCAP principles &#8211; Ownership, Control, Access and Possession. Listen to the video in the link below to hear more about OCAP and the First Nations Information Governance Centre (FNIGC).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z2daESQ wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/fnigc.ca\/ocap-training\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">The First Nations Principles of OCAP<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beyond Canada, other communities are leading research projects and determining how to collect and store data. In Africa, Early Childhood Development Regional and Country Profiles were developed, endorsed and launched by Africans, for Africa. These profiles &#8220;represent a milestone for the continent&#8217;s researchers, advocates, and policymakers, and reflect growing ownership of data shaping Africa&#8217;s youngest generation&#8221; (Richter, Okengo, Naicer, Dusabimana, &amp; Petrowski, 2026).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-2kNAFT wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why do you think it is important each community to determine their own research studies and own their data?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What changes can occur within a community when there is a shift in data ownership, control, access and possession?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The feasibility study below was initiated by the Assembly of First Nations Chiefs. The purpose of the study was to &#8220;determine whether longitudinal research is achievable and relevant to community priorities. As well as to determine the interest of First Nations to conduct, be involved with or participate in a longitudinal study&#8221; (p. 5). As you read the executive summary starting on page 5, consider the OCAP principles.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-1ifeWC wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/fnigc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/FNIGC_Child-Longitudinal-Feasibility-Study_EN.pdf\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">FNIGC: Feasibility Study on Longitudinal Research with First Nations Children<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The next resource is a research summary about what First Nations people value most. This research summary is taken from the First Nations Regional Early Childhood, Education and Employment Survey (FNREEES). Pay attention to the first four paragraphs describing how the research was conducted.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-NJlQe wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/fnigc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/cbc5b476280200174b4019c83c0bd259_fnreees_dyk_fn_role_of_family_and_community_en_final.pdf\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">FNREEES: Did you Know? #3: The Role of Family and Community<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-8YMYh wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are similar guidelines\/standards for working with Inuit and M\u00e9tis communities. See these below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-1zYYj5 wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11375\/30688\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">National M\u00e9tis Health Data Strategy and Principles<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z1rFNTF wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itk.ca\/national-strategy-on-research-launched\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">The National Inuit Strategy on Research (NISR)<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following research study aligns with the principles discussed in this section. Read about this study to learn more about the practices and procedures followed in it.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z1tYHiD wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jprm.scholasticahq.com\/article\/77624-using-participatory-research-to-develop-a-culturally-responsive-early-childhood-assessment-tool\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Using Participatory Research to Develop a Culturally Responsive Early Childhood Assessment Tool<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">FNIGC also recommends using FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) and CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility and Ethics) Principles for Indigenous data governance. FAIR Principles focus on characteristics of data that will facilitate greater data sharing. CARE Principles focus on the use of Indigenous data and knowledge for the benefit of all. You can read more about how to be FAIR and to CARE at the link below. In addition to reading about the principles, pay particular attention to the second paragraph in the document.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-ZOhF63 wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gida-global.org\/s\/CAREPrinciples_OnePagersFINAL_Oct_17_2019.pdf\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">CARE Principles<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now check your knowledge about the examples above and the FAIR and CARE Principles.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-interact-1bPLA3 wp-block-lazyblock-interact\"><div class=\"interact-link context-container\">\n  <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hscsr.rrc.ca\/secd\/interactions\/quiz-FirstNationsResearchQuiz\/quiz.html\" class=\"tap-container interact\">\n    <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"tap-content\">\n      <span class=\"tap-label\">INTERACT<\/span>\n      <span class=\"tap-description\">First Nations Research Quiz &#8211; True or False?<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-1wrALk wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Any research involving people must also comply with the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans \u2013 TCPS 2 (2022). You can read more about this statement, below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z2hAlD8 wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ethics.gc.ca\/eng\/policy-politique_tcps2-eptc2_2022.html\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans \u2013 TCPS 2 (2022)<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chapter 9 in this statement addresses First Nations, Inuit and M\u00e9tis people specifically. As you skim through this chapter, you may notice that the OCAP principles and other topics shared in this module suggest practices over and above what is identified in this chapter.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z239UYH wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ethics.gc.ca\/eng\/tcps2-eptc2_2022_chapter9-chapitre9.html\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">TCPS 2 (2022) \u2013 Chapter 9: Research Involving the First Nations, Inuit, and M\u00e9tis Peoples of Canada<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To complete research in a good way, relationships are essential. Watch the following video to learn more about community-based research. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-ZcO8Jq wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yout-ube.com\/watch?v=YAI7cKoO59M\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">The Value of Community-Based Research: 2025 E-Learning Highlights<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Community Research Data Toolkit is a guide for everyone involved in community-based research. It originated at McMaster University and was created to support communities as they work with organizations and researchers, showing how community leads community-based research. Pay attention to Section 2 &#8211; Ground rules. You can read it at the link below. Once at the link, click the READ BOOK button near the bottom of the page and navigate the toolkit using the black buttons at the bottom of each subsequent page.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z21xf0M wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/communitydatatoolkit\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Community Research Data Toolkit<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Relationships developed in a good way take time. Researchers and participants will have common and differing values. Therefore, worldviews can align and flourish or collide and cause friction. These intersections are useful to the process and the results. A common challenge is meeting deadlines while prioritizing the process, the people and the purpose of the research. Read an example of this experience, below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-consider-block-2bqTSi wp-block-lazyblock-consider-block\"><div class=\"consider-full\">\n<p><strong>Consider&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\nLori is an early childhood educator at a child care centre in the North End of Winnipeg, Manitoba. <strong><span><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/consider-lori\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-MGr4Q wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice in the second scenario that the researchers included educators in every step of the study and so, considered all voices. Have you been in a situation where your voice was heard? How did that make you feel?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Have you been in a situation where your voice was not heard? How did that make you feel?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In what ways can you ensure each child&#8217;s voice is heard? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In what ways can you ensure each family&#8217;s voice is heard?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data sovereignty is another important aspect of Indigenous research. Data sovereignty refers to the decision-making power about the data that is gathered and used in the past, present and future (First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba (FNHSSM), para. 1, 2024). Data includes, &#8220;stories, facts, measurements, values, qualities, or observation&#8221; (SGIG Data Steering Committee, 2026, para. 3) or &#8220;text, numbers, images, recordings, software, algorithms, workflows, and more&#8221; and is anything that can be used as &#8220;a building block to produce new knowledge or understanding&#8221; (Evering, et. al, 2025, p. 6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Watch the video on the First Nations Information Governance Centre website to learn more about First Nations data sovereignty. When you open the link, you may need to scroll down to see this first video.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z4IPYJ wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/fnigc.ca\/what-we-do\/first-nations-data-governance-strategy\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">An Introduction to the First Nations Data Governance Strategy<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba (FNHSSM) supports data sovereignty. They provide opportunities for First Nations to have control over research and evaluation to develop programs and policies that support total well-being using Indigenous values. Explore their website below, paying close attention to Departments, Research + that describes research initiatives and social development, and provides links to their projects and groups.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z1XIq96 wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fnhssm.com\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">FNHSSM<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-1tuwp3 wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As interest grows in early childhood development, more opportunities will become available for early learning programs to participate in research. What principles will you consider when participating in research?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you don\u2019t measure something, how do you know if it\u2019s doing any good?\u201d (Dr. Dan Offord, personal communication, 1998). As the understanding of, and investment in, early child development increases, so does the desire and need to assess outcomes of interventions. Defining and assessing indicators of early child learning and development can be a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":36,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3535","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3535","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3535"}],"version-history":[{"count":157,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3535\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16472,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3535\/revisions\/16472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}