{"id":324,"date":"2011-10-06T10:06:18","date_gmt":"2011-10-06T16:06:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/bd-2-2-nurturing\/"},"modified":"2026-05-06T15:22:29","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T15:22:29","slug":"bd-2-2-nurturing-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/bd-2-2-nurturing-2\/","title":{"rendered":"BD 2.2 Nurturing"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image size-medium wp-image-3401\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"201\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2011\/10\/tufesco-newborn-mehndi-015-copy-201x300.jpg\" alt=\"Parent gazing at baby's face on their lap.\" class=\"wp-image-3401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2011\/10\/tufesco-newborn-mehndi-015-copy-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2011\/10\/tufesco-newborn-mehndi-015-copy.jpg 402w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 201px) 100vw, 201px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">photographer: Krista Anderson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An increasing number of more recent studies, utilizing brain imaging and other new technologies, now document the impact of nurturing, supportive interaction and &#8216;sensitive caregiving&#8217; on both brain function and structure&#8221; (Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2019, para. 2).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To really think about babies and how they develop, we have to think about who is taking care of them and the nature of the relationship(s). In the overview of this module, Dr. Stuart Shanker explained infants are &#8220;fetuses outside the womb&#8221; for the first nine months, completely dependent on caregivers for survival. We have&nbsp;also learned about the interactive nature of genetics and experience in determining how development unfolds. Clearly, the caregiver-child relationship is absolutely critical to early brain development and key to the child&#8217;s survival, health and development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The next KidCareCanada video is an interview with Dr. Nils Bergman, a Swedish public health physician who has studied and worked in Zimbabwe and South Africa. He is perhaps best known as one of the founders of the Kangaroo Mother Care movement that promotes skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their newborns.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z12xkOQ wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yout-ube.com\/watch?v=51xmkaj8dOg\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Social and Emotional Intelligence of Infants<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2024\/01\/father-baby-5469310_1920-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Adult leaning over to gaze at baby's face.\" class=\"wp-image-13538\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.6669921875;width:239px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2024\/01\/father-baby-5469310_1920-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2024\/01\/father-baby-5469310_1920-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2024\/01\/father-baby-5469310_1920-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2024\/01\/father-baby-5469310_1920-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2024\/01\/father-baby-5469310_1920.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First and foremost, the physical and social environments young children experience are created and then mediated in relationships with adults who care for them. Before birth, the growing infant is sensitive to, and entirely dependent on, the uterine environment. After birth, infants remain dependent on adults for sustenance, physical care and love. Early caring relationships are a filter for experiences that drive the development of neural pathways involved in sensory perception, stress response patterns, self-regulation, language and intellectual abilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The National Scientific Council on the Developing Child reading that follows&nbsp;compares parent-baby interaction to the&nbsp;&#8220;serve and return&#8221; (or back and forth) aspect of a tennis match. This refers to&nbsp;the way a&nbsp;baby makes vocalizations and gestures that encourage adults to respond back in a similar way. This type of interaction supports healthy brain development. Be sure to read the section entitled &#8220;What Science Tells Us&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-1pty8O wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/developingchild.harvard.edu\/resources\/wp1\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Young children develop in an environment of relationships<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next video, notice the&nbsp;connection between mother and baby.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-1tDEgl wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2022\/06\/90194767.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Scene: Mom and newborn (4:05)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90194767?api=1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-f4bo6 wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How is this an example of a &#8220;serve and return&#8221; interaction between the baby and the parent?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Megan Gunnar,&nbsp;professor and former director of the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota, describes her research on babies responses to receiving immunization shots in a doctor&#8217;s office. She&nbsp;explains how an infant&#8217;s secure attachment to a caregiver can act as a buffer for stress. Babies with insecure attachments to caregivers experienced a rise in cortisol, while those with secure attachments did not. On the next page in this module (2.3 Stress), you will learn more about the harmful effects of excessive cortisol elevation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZGgz9E wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Gunnar &#8211; relationships buffer stress (2:16)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90193839?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-gunnar-relationships-buffer-stress\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gunnar &#8211; relationships buffer stress &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next video, watch as 7 month old Solange experiences a visit to the doctor.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-Z2r33bn wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2022\/06\/112321405.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Visit to the doctor (1:59)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/112321405?api=1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-ZS24PG wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What kinds of things does Solange&#8217;s mother do to&nbsp;help her calm down?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How would you describe the relationship between Solange and her mother?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How might the mother&#8217;s actions and their relationship&nbsp;act to buffer stress? (You will see more on this topic on the next page)<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think now about nurturing care and gene expression. When a caregiver holds a baby and provides close loving contact, the baby\u2019s senses are stimulated, and the baby is comforted and feels safe. The physical attention stimulates the baby\u2019s brain development and affects the way genes are expressed. An emotionally nurturing environment is as important to physical development as good nutrition. To put it simply, nurturing can \u201cturn on\u201d genes for positive traits and suppress or \u201cturn off\u201d genes associated with negative outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Thomas Boyce,&nbsp;pediatrician and distinguished professor emeritus in the Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry at the University of California, explains nurturing environments are particularly important for children who are highly reactive or sensitive to&nbsp;context. He also refers to the animal research of both Dr. Steven Suomi and Dr. Michael Meaney, which is described below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1SR20Q wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Boyce &#8211; reactivity (2:45)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90178440?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-boyce-reactivity\/\" target=\"_blank\">Boyce &#8211; reactivity &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Next, Boyce explains that some children are particularly&nbsp;sensitive to their environmental situations. This highlights&nbsp;the importance of positive, nurturing environments.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-rcovO wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Boyce &#8211; sensitivity to context (2:12)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90180238?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-boyce-sensitivity-to-context\/\" target=\"_blank\">Boyce &#8211; sensitivity to context &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What does animal research tell us about nurturing care?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Warwick (2005) explains that Michael Meaney\u2019s work from McGill University on rodent models has given insight into how maternal care affects the response of young rats to stress. Mother rats lick their young and this is a possible equivalent to a human mother\u2019s touch. Similar to humans, there are variations in parenting in rodents. Some mother rats lick their offspring more than others. Meaney has focused much of his research on comparing the offspring of high versus low-licking mothers.&nbsp;Meaney and his team have demonstrated that offspring of high-licking mothers release lower levels of stress hormones (glucocorticoids) when exposed to stress. Although the release of stress hormones is adaptive when confronted with a stressor, prolonged rises in glucocorticoids have deleterious effects, including deficits in learning and memory. Therefore, having a high-licking mother is advantageous, as these offspring have been shown to be less reactive to stress and demonstrate higher capacities for learning than those reared by low-licking mothers.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-2fJR5K wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Marla Sokolowski of the University of Toronto&nbsp;describes two ways that epigenetic changes can be transmitted from one generation to another. Within this discussion, she reviews Michael Meaney&#8217;s cross-fostering studies on rats that showed epigenetic effects related to maternal care early in life. She refers to the epigenetic effects as a type of cultural transmission from one generation to another.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1JMSpu wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Sokolowski &#8211; generational epigenetic transmission (5:18)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90200687?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-sokolowski-generational-epigenetic-transmission\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sokolowski &#8211; generational epigenetic transmission &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following article explains how animal research adds to our understanding of maternal behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-ZSTJgw wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/parenting-skills\/according-experts\/animal-models-maternal-behaviour-insights-our-understanding\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Animal models of maternal behaviour: insights into our understanding the endocrinology, neurobiology, genetics and development of mothering<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Stephen Suomi,&nbsp;chief of the Laboratory of Comparative Ethology at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in the United States,&nbsp;has done extensive research with rhesus monkeys. Suomi researches social competence and other behaviours in communities of rhesus monkeys, including attachment relationships and the impact of maternal nurturing on stress levels, aggression and eventual social status of their offspring. He is able to manipulate genetic and environmental factors. One example is to compare adult competence when an anxious baby monkey is raised by a nurturing foster mother rather than his own anxious mother (Suomi, 1999).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Animal studies allow scientists to study genetic expression. The following clip describes the primate laboratory at the National Institute of Health as well as two field sites that Suomi directs.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-29332u wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Suomi &#8211; NIH primate studies (4:20)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90179547?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-suomi-nih-primate-studies\/\" target=\"_blank\">Suomi &#8211; NIH primate studies &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next clip, Suomi explains some of his findings with the genetically controlled groups of monkeys and the importance of mothering in influencing biology and behaviour. Suomi&#8217;s&nbsp;primate research demonstrates the genetic blueprint is actually shaped by the quality of nurturing care infant monkeys receive.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-u8xAf wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Suomi &#8211; maternal buffering (2:29)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90179508?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-suomi-maternal-buffering\/\" target=\"_blank\">Suomi &#8211; maternal buffering &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-mcetQ wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Suomi has done some fascinating work on monkeys, mothering and alcohol abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Zungnm wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Suomi &#8211; alcohol abuse (2:27)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90179631?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-suomi-alcohol-abuse\/\" target=\"_blank\">Suomi &#8211; alcohol abuse &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nutrition and stimulation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Malnourishment and poor health make learning hard and often result in long-term cognitive deficits. Research around the world is demonstrating that early stimulation and good nutrition are both important contributors to healthy development. The late Dr. Fraser Mustard, founder of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, describes this research.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2wJ7up wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Mustard &#8211; nutrition stimulation (1:37)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90196892?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-mustard-nutrition-and-stimulation\/\" target=\"_blank\">Mustard &#8211; nutrition stimulation &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following reading provides a short, clear summary of the evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z2n2IzO wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/341171468332051105\/pdf\/485770NEWS0You10Box338914B01PUBLIC1.pdf\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Supplementing nutrition in the early years: The role of early childhood stimulation to supplement nutritional inputs<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Pakistan Early Child Development Scale Up (PEDS) Trial in Sindh, Pakistan evaluated whether the integration of early childhood psychosocial stimulation, alone or in combination with nutrition interventions, within a primary healthcare program had beneficial outcomes for children up to 24 months of age in terms of motor, cognitive, communication and social functions in rural Pakistan. The study included all children born in the geographical area along with the child\u2019s primary caregiver, typically the mother.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The PEDS Trial evaluated the benefits of psychosocial stimulation interventions and the feasibility of scaling up an early childhood development (ECD) strategy within the primary healthcare system of Pakistan. Listen as Dr. Aisha Yousafzai, associate professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,&nbsp;explains the background of the PEDS trial in which she was the principal investigator.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-lEB43 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Yousafzai &#8211; PEDS background (4:06)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90203650?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-yousafzai-peds-background\/\" target=\"_blank\">Yousafzai &#8211; PEDS background &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next clip, Yousafzai describes the research methodology of the study. Although final results of the study will become available in the near future, early trends indicated positive trends.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1TYfqy wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Yousafzai &#8211; PEDS methodology (3:23)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90203683?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-yousafzai-peds-methodology\/\" target=\"_blank\">Yousafzai &#8211; PEDS methodology &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Dr. Yousafzai describes, one of the groups of mothers in this study receive the ECD module plus the lady health worker services. In the next clip, listen as she and several others involved in the study, describe the ECD component of the sessions for mothers in this group and the benefits already observed. Helping mothers focus on their child&#8217;s development and observing milestones is considered an important component of this program.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z14fsmj wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Yousafzai &#8211; PEDS &#8211; mother&#8217;s sessions (4:03)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90197543?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-yousafzai-peds-mothers-sessions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Yousafzai &#8211; PEDS &#8211; mother&#8217;s sessions &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-19vrF wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In your community, what do parents already know about child development, nurturing, nutrition and stimulation? What are the gaps?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How can the information on this page help parents to support their child&#8217;s development?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What strategies would you suggest to increase parents&#8217; knowledge?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An increasing number of more recent studies, utilizing brain imaging and other new technologies, now document the impact of nurturing, supportive interaction and &#8216;sensitive caregiving&#8217; on both brain function and structure&#8221; (Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2019, para. 2). To really think about babies and how they develop, we have to think [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":30,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-324","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/324","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=324"}],"version-history":[{"count":123,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/324\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16429,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/324\/revisions\/16429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}