{"id":26,"date":"2011-10-02T19:17:33","date_gmt":"2011-10-03T01:17:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/cc-2-4-executive-functions\/"},"modified":"2025-07-16T16:27:46","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T16:27:46","slug":"cc-2-4-executive-function","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/cc-2-4-executive-function\/","title":{"rendered":"CC 2.4 Executive function"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lazyblock-consider-block-2mAbUA wp-block-lazyblock-consider-block\"><div class=\"consider-full\">\n<p><strong>Consider&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\nWhen four-year old Malik arrives in his preschool, he finds a spot and sits next to his friends on the mat. The teacher greets everyone&#8230; <strong><span><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/consider-malik\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-1uJMU8 wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>What kind of regulatory skills do you see Malik demonstrating?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How do these skills help Malik adjust to school \u2013 socially and in terms of learning?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How might Malik behave differently if he didn\u2019t have these skills?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2011\/10\/executive-functions1-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Young child playing with wooden alphabet blocks.\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Malik is demonstrating an interrelated set of regulatory skills known as executive function. We continue to develop executive function skills throughout life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mastery of executive function skills help us regulate our emotions, behaviour and attention and ultimately reach our goals.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-key-full-S0nHE wp-block-lazyblock-key-full\"><div class=\"key-full\">\n\n\n<p><strong>Executive function<\/strong> includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inhibitory control<\/strong> &#8211; ability to stay on task, inhibit impulsive actions and pay attention<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Working memory<\/strong> &#8211; ability to hold information in mind and recall for use later<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mental flexibility<\/strong> &#8211; ability to modify plans and try different strategies to find solutions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The following video from the Harvard Center for the Developing Child provides an overview of executive function and explains how executive function skills help prepare children to cope well in school and in life.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-9E3P8 wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/developingchild.harvard.edu\/resources\/inbrief-executive-function-skills-for-life-and-learning\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Executive function: Skills for life and learning<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Now read some information from the website on executive function and child development. Explore the second resource that provides practical examples about ways to promote executive function skills for various ages of children.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z8Lq9S wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/developingchild.harvard.edu\/resources\/what-is-executive-function-and-how-does-it-relate-to-child-development\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">What is executive function? And how does It relate to child development? <\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z1WyHxc wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/developingchild.harvard.edu\/resources\/activities-guide-enhancing-and-practicing-executive-function-skills-with-children-from-infancy-to-adolescence\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORE<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Activities guide: Enhancing and practicing executive function skills with children from infancy to adolescence<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Dr. Philip Zelazo, a developmental psychologist and neuroscientist from the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota, describes what is meant by the term executive function, how it relates to self-regulation and elaborates on the three processes involved.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZS1hWo wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Zelazo &#8211; introduction to executive functions (2:16)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90203680?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-zelazo-introduction-to-executive-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Zelazo &#8211; introduction to executive functions &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Differences in executive function explain why some children seem much more ready for school &#8211; to listen, to show some independence, to be able to complete a task &#8211; than others. In the following clip, Zelazo explains that executive function is a key developmental outcome.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z12WHqv wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Zelazo &#8211; developmental outcomes (1:37)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90203699?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-zelazo-developmental-outcomes\/\" target=\"_blank\">Zelazo &#8211; developmental outcomes &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Executive function can easily be observed in many daily tasks and interactions in children&#8217;s daily lives. As you watch the next video, consider the child&#8217;s ability to stay on task and the various ways his attention is being challenged.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-M4Baq wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2022\/06\/341667296.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Building a tower (2:44)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/341667296?api=1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-1bzuyi wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>As you observed the child building the tower, what did you notice about his inhibitory control? What did he do to stay on task?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What did you notice about his mental flexibility? How did he modify his plans when the structures fell down?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The next short video shows a child mastering matching numbers on a small game device.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-1qsrgH wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2022\/06\/90191881.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Two fingers (0:40)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90191881?api=1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-1Phc7k wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>How was this child demonstrating executive function skills?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What was the adult&#8217;s role and why is it important?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-ZKKoQo wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The following article from the Center on the Developing Child (2011) uses the following comparison, &#8220;having executive function in the brain is like having an air traffic control system at a busy airport to manage the arrivals and departures of dozens of planes on multiple runways.&#8221; (p. 1).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z549dA wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/developingchild.harvard.edu\/resources\/building-the-brains-air-traffic-control-system-how-early-experiences-shape-the-development-of-executive-function\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Building the brain\u2019s \u201cair traffic control\u201d system: How early experiences shape the development of executive function<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In the next clips, Zelazo describes the emergence of executive function and how it is measured by researchers during infancy and the preschool years.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1BWTxf wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Zelazo &#8211; infancy (1:39)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90203721?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-zelazo-infancy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Zelazo &#8211; infancy &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2m6cYb wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Zelazo &#8211; preschool years (2:28)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90203738?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-zelazo-preschool-years\/\" target=\"_blank\">Zelazo &#8211; preschool years &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Dr. Jo-Anne LeFevre, director of the Institute of Cognitive Science at Carleton University, provides another example of how children&#8217;s spatial attention or working memory can be measured.  <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1xribz wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">LeFevre \u2013 executive function (1:19)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/410346933?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-lefevre-executive-function\/\" target=\"_blank\">LeFevre \u2013 executive function &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Executive function and brain development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Executive function is orchestrated by the brain&#8217;s prefrontal cortex (PFC &#8211; the cerebral cortex covering the front part of the frontal lobe) with neural pathways connected to the limbic system. In the next two videos, Dr. Bryan Kolb, from the Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience at the University of Lethbridge, explains how play affects brain development and the role of the PFC and the frontal lobe.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2o1I9E wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Kolb &#8211; play and brain development (2:54)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90195264?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-kolb-play-and-brain-development\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kolb &#8211; play and brain development &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2mD2jt wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Kolb &#8211; prefrontal cortex (3:25)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90195252?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-kolb-prefrontal-cortex\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kolb &#8211; prefrontal cortex &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Dr. Megan Gunnar, former director of the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota, discusses findings from the Bucharest studies (see Ecology of Childhood module, 2.2 Early child development programs for more information) that relate to children&#8217;s long-term attention abilities. Gunnar points out the impact of early adversity on brain development and later attention regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-OjHSU wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Gunnar &#8211; attention abilities (3:18)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90193759?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-gunnar-attention-abilities\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gunnar &#8211; attention abilities &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supporting executive function<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Adults can encourage and support the development of executive function in children but, as Zelazo explains below, it is important that they understand it develops gradually.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2byI6i wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Zelazo &#8211; parents (2:19)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90203707?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-zelazo-parents\/\" target=\"_blank\">Zelazo &#8211; parents &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-ZO1lXF wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>How does understanding some of the brain development behind executive function influence  your understanding of children who struggle with tasks that demand executive function skills?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How is executive function related to a child\u2019s self-regulation of behaviour and emotions?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How can adults scaffold a child\u2019s ability to pay attention?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How does pretend play help children\u2019s executive function skills?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mindfulness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Recently, a state of being called &#8220;mindfulness&#8221; has become prevalent in education as well as in popular culture. Mindfulness means staying calm and focused in the moment and not being judgmental of your reactions &#8211; rather like the &#8220;calmly focused and alert&#8221; state described by Shanker on p. 1.1 of this module. In this next video, Gunnar describes new research related to mindfulness and its effect on children&#8217;s abilities to attend.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1wVnM0 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Gunnar &#8211; attention (1:41)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90193817?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-gunnar-attention\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gunnar &#8211; attention &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-ZPdxdt wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Can you describe some activities that would help preschool children practice mindfulness?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/play\/files\/2019\/04\/child-lying-in-leaves-SML-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Smiling preschool child lying on pile of leaves.\" class=\"wp-image-7497\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Does teaching children mindfulness techniques, such as sitting still and focusing on their breath, really make a difference?<span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> <\/span>Dr. Kimberly Shonert-Reichl is the NoVo Foundation Endowed Chair in Social and Emotional Learning and Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago; Former Applied Developmental Psychologist and a Professor in the Human Development, Learning, and Culture area in the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education at the University of British Columbia (UBC); and the Former Director of the Human Early Learning Partnership (HELP) in the School of Population and Public Health in the Faculty of Medicine at UBC. In the next video, Dr. Shonert-Reichl describes the Wave 6 results in British Columbia as well as her research on mindfulness with school-age children and kindergarten children.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z2p0SBP wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 mindfulness research (2:27)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241050392?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-schonert-reichl-mindfulness-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 mindfulness research &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Ewvx5 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 MindUp engaging students (1:37)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241050916?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-schonert-reichl-mindup-engaging-students\/\" target=\"_blank\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 MindUp engaging students &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z2uA7qL wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>What are the positive effects of mindfulness  training on school-age children?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How might increased mindfulness  help children improve executive function?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Can you describe some activities that would help preschool children practice mindfulness?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mindfulness is a very popular topic in education, health and business  circles as  well as in popular culture these days. What societal factors may contribute to that?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-oYBBl wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Schonert-Reichl goes on to discuss how you can actually teach mindfulness to children and the importance of adult states of mindfulness in relating to children.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z2nTYQ7 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 mindfulness research key messages (2:15)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241050199?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-schonert-reichl-mindfulness-research-key-messages\/\" target=\"_blank\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 mindfulness research key messages &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1VkOIB wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 adult self care (1:35)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/241049680?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-schonert-reichl-adult-self-care\/\" target=\"_blank\">Schonert-Reichl \u2013 adult self care &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lying and executive function<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Kang Lee, from the Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study at the University of Toronto, studies the development of lying throughout childhood. He also does cross-cultural comparisons that highlight how different cultures view lying and situations in which it is considered acceptable. In the next videos, Lee explains some of his research and the connection between the development of lying and executive function.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZPPVHl wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Lee &#8211; lying research (3:30)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125283427?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-lee-lying-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">Lee &#8211; lying research &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1Xps4V wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Lee &#8211; cognitive development and lying (2:12)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125282736?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-lee-cognitive-development-and-lying\/\" target=\"_blank\">Lee &#8211; cognitive development and lying &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z2Jkvy wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Lee &#8211; cultural differences in lying motivation (4:26)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125282739?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-lee-cultural-differences-in-lying-motivation\/\" target=\"_blank\">Lee &#8211; cultural differences in lying motivation &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-ZiXSeS wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Lee explains that a young child who lies is demonstrating executive function and perspective-taking. Will this influence how you respond to a child who is lying?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How does your culture handle lying and when is lying considered an appropriate response?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-Z1edCO3 wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Dr. Lee explains another type of motivation for lying when individuals or groups lie for the sake of a group.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Zz1IO7 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Lee &#8211; lying for the group (2:07)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125283425?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-lee-lying-for-the-group\/\" target=\"_blank\">Lee &#8211; lying for the group &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Malik is demonstrating an interrelated set of regulatory skills known as executive function. We continue to develop executive function skills throughout life. Mastery of executive function skills help us regulate our emotions, behaviour and attention and ultimately reach our goals. The following video from the Harvard Center for the Developing Child provides an overview of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":80,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-26","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26"}],"version-history":[{"count":230,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15541,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26\/revisions\/15541"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}