{"id":2425,"date":"2012-03-27T15:59:19","date_gmt":"2012-03-27T15:59:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/?page_id=2425"},"modified":"2025-07-07T15:47:30","modified_gmt":"2025-07-07T15:47:30","slug":"dh-2-1-social-determinants-of-health","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/dh-2-1-social-determinants-of-health\/","title":{"rendered":"DH 2.1 The social determinants of health, learning and behaviour"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lazyblock-consider-block-1YQNse wp-block-lazyblock-consider-block\"><div class=\"consider-full\">\n<p><strong>Consider&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\nAt age 25, Aliya has 4 children aged 7 and under. Aliya dropped out of school&#8230; <strong><span><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/consider-aliya-and-mei\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-63ENE wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Keeping in mind that these scenarios are simplistic and fictional, what are the factors that are working for and against each family?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Are some of the factors social determinants?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Does society have a responsibility to support these families and, if so, what kinds of policies and programs might be helpful or protective?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The concept of social determinants of health was introduced in the overview section of this module. On this page, we will consider some of the research related to social determinants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026.SDOH are about the quantity and quality of a variety of resources a society chooses to make available to its members\u2026\u2026more and more evidence has accumulated of how the inequitable distribution of SDOH results in avoidable differences in health outcomes or health inequities among Canadians\u201d&nbsp; (Raphael, 2016. p. 7).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Early, groundbreaking research about the social determinants of health, the Whitehall studies, &nbsp;were conducted in Britain by Sir Michael Marmot and colleagues.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z2u5fO3 wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/read-the-whitehall-studies\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">The Whitehall studies<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sir Marmot,\u00a0professor of Epidemiology at University College London, discusses the studies in the next clip.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-s4Vz2 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Marmot &#8211; Whitehall study (2:14)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/96851377?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-marmot-whitehall-study\/\" target=\"_blank\">Marmot &#8211; Whitehall study &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The studies found a clear and lasting social gradient of health among British civil servants. It would be easy to assume that somehow the findings of the Whitehall studies are specific to British society, at that time, only. But in the next clip, Marmot explains why this assumption would be wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z2iSqYY wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Marmot &#8211; health gradients (2:02)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90195864?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-marmot-health-gradients\/\" target=\"_blank\">Marmot &#8211; health gradients &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-XkcsK wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marmot says social gradients show that \u201caction has got to be across the whole of society, not simply on the poor. If you focus only on the bottom, you miss most of the problem\u201d. What does this mean?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How does gradient research support this argument?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adversity and epigenetic change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adverse environments of poverty, neglect and trauma affect the expression of genes involved in the development and regulation of the nervous system in children, which in turn guide brain development, calibrate stress responses and influence lifelong risk of developing mental illnesses and other challenges. Similarly, positive early environments of nurturance, care and stability can affect gene expression, leading to decreased risk for mental health issues and optimized brain preparation for learning and normal social and emotional development&#8221; (Sokolowski and Boyce, 2017a, para 3).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Thomas Boyce is a\u00a0pediatrician and distinguished professor emeritus in the Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco. \u00a0In the next video clip he\u00a0explains researchers are looking at social disadvantage to see what epigenetic changes might be occurring because of exposure to stressful social conditions. There are some interesting results in animal models. Applicability to humans is being studied.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-JM9ka wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Boyce &#8211; stress and epigenetic changes (2:16)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90180233?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-boyce-stress-and-epigenetic-changes\/\" target=\"_blank\">Boyce &#8211; stress and epigenetic changes &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The next reading, from the <em>Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development<\/em>, provides an overview of the evidence that adverse circumstances effect both people and animals at a cellular level, basically providing physical evidence for the social determinants of health.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z2oHbuQ wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/epigenetics\/according-experts\/epigenetic-embedding-early-adversity-and-developmental-risk\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Epigenetic embedding of early adversity and developmental risk<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-ZP520k wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What are some examples of how adversity correlates with epigenetic changes in humans and animals?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How might you be able to use this information?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you were trying to convince someone of the importance of interventions to reduce or mitigate adversity in the lives of children and families, what rationale would you use to advocate for change?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Listen now as Dr. Noralou Roos, founder of the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy at the University of Manitoba, compares how different risk factors impact a child\u2019s health. She discusses social factors such as having low-income parents or a teen mother as well as biomedical factors, such as being born prematurely or at a low birth weight.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z10kXXX wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Roos &#8211; comparing social and biomedical factors for health (3:02)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90200063?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-roos-comparing-social-and-biomedical-factors-for-health\/\" target=\"_blank\">Roos &#8211; comparing social and biomedical factors for health &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1iLCs8 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Roos &#8211; focussing on social factors (1:40)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90200059?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-roos-focusing-on-social-factors\/\" target=\"_blank\">Roos &#8211; focussing on social factors &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roos explains some research looking at early risk factors, impacts on later development and whether there are differences in birth characteristics between those with risk factors and those without.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2rdToH wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Roos &#8211; early risk factors (3:49)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90200021?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-roos-early-risk-factors\/\" target=\"_blank\">Roos &#8211; early risk factors &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-c1AaP wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Roos &#8211; no birth differences (1:56)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90199951?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-roos-no-birth-differences\/\" target=\"_blank\">Roos &#8211; no birth differences &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z28n6Dg wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What are the social characteristics Dr. Roos has found to be risk factors for children?&nbsp; Why do you think these are generally not as recognized as biomedical risk factors (e.g., child born prematurely)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roos asks &#8220;How do we get people to care about these factors?&#8221;&nbsp; How would you respond?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on the data that Roos discusses, where do you think investments need to be made to improve children&#8217;s health and well-being?&nbsp; How could you use this information to advocate for policies and programs to support better outcomes for children?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-1jyz06 wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now listen as Dr. Butler-Jones, former Chief Public Health Officer for Canada, answers the question of what the most pressing health issues are for children in Canada today. In the second video, he explains why it\u2019s important to set healthy trajectories early in life.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z13qXXw wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Butler-Jones &#8211; child health problems (1:20)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90180581?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-butler-jones-child-health-problems\/\" target=\"_blank\">Butler-Jones &#8211; child health problems &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1p5qk8 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Butler-Jones &#8211; setting healthy trajectories (3:20)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90180605?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-butler-jones-setting-healthy-trajectories-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">Butler-Jones &#8211; setting healthy trajectories &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Lancet series on early child development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2016 Lancet series, <em>Advancing early childhood development: From science to scale, <\/em>contains a wealth of the most current research on early childhood development, including meta analyses compiled through collaboration among leading experts in early child development (ECD). As you read the executive summary, think about to what extent managing the social determinants of health are critical to improving not only children&#8217;s lives but overall population health.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-2w0cBq wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/series\/ECD2016\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Lancet 2016: Advancing early childhood development: From science to scale<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-209mTO wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The executive summary front page begins with these words:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cYoung children\u2019s healthy development depends on nurturing care\u2014care which ensures health, nutrition, responsive caregiving, safety and security, and early learning.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How are all of these factors examples of social determinants of health?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Can you name at least one piece of evidence for each of the key messages cited in the summary?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How would you explain to someone who is not involved in the early child development (ECD) sector that the burden and cost of inaction in relation to ECD is high?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why is health considered the best starting point for reaching the youngest children?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-interact-qe0FT wp-block-lazyblock-interact\"><div class=\"interact-link context-container\">\n  <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hscsr.rrc.ca\/secd\/interactions\/howSureAreYou-advancingECD-Lancet\/howSureAreYou.html\" class=\"tap-container interact\">\n    <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"tap-content\">\n      <span class=\"tap-label\">INTERACT<\/span>\n      <span class=\"tap-description\">How sure are you?<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Zulfiqar Bhutta,\u00a0founding director at the Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health at the Aga Khan University,\u00a0offers his perspective on social determinants in a low income country.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZS0qw8 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Bhutta &#8211; social determinants 1 (4:04)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/135584251?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-bhutta-social-determinants\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bhutta &#8211; social determinants 1 &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-ZyEa3S wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What recommendations to improve the access and quality of early childhood care and education (ECCE) programs are outlined in the brief?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In your region of the world, are there national policies and initiatives working towards these goals?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-LePQm wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Want to know more? Lancet series on early child development<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next three clips, Dr. Maureen Black, professor of Pediatrics at the University of Maryland,\u00a0describes the evolution of the influential Lancet series on early child development.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1CU4Lu wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Black \u2013 2007 Lancet Series (2:41)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/300602577?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-black-2007-lancet-series\/\" target=\"_blank\">Black \u2013 2007 Lancet Series &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z28NA3J wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Black \u2013 2011 Lancet Series (1:17)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/300602640?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-black-2011-lancet-series\/\" target=\"_blank\">Black \u2013 2011 Lancet Series &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2hYNcO wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Black \u2013 2016 Lancet Series (2:20)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/300602680?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-black-2016-lancet-series\/\" target=\"_blank\">Black \u2013 2016 Lancet Series &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-1ewoNV wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Want to know more? Conditional cash transfer programs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Around the world, researchers are considering how the deprivations and challenges of poverty specifically impact children\u2019s lives; whether investments are reaching them; and what strategies and policies are most effective in reducing childhood poverty. Conditional cash transfer programs are one means that have been used as a strategy to break the cycle of poverty. Dr. Lia Fernald,\u00a0professor of Community Health Sciences at the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley,\u00a0describes how cash transfer programs work to not only address families\u2019 short term needs but also positively impact the long term health and development of their children.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-rN1xV wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Fernald &#8211; conditional cash transfer programs (1:29)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90193480?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-fernald-conditional-cash-transfer-programs\/\" target=\"_blank\">Fernald &#8211; conditional cash transfer programs &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the videos that follow, Fernald describes some of the program evaluation findings.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z16P2ax wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Fernald &#8211; Mexico cash transfer programs (2:56)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90193624?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-fernald-mexico-cash-transfer-program\/\" target=\"_blank\">Fernald &#8211; Mexico cash transfer programs &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1PFIHG wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Fernald &#8211; program reduces maternal depression (0:46)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90193571?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-fernald-program-reduces-maternal-depression\/\" target=\"_blank\">Fernald &#8211; program reduces maternal depression &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-xsiWM wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How do conditional cash transfer programs support and enhance protective factors in children\u2019s lives?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do you think cash transfer programs could work in wealthier countries? Why or why not?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The concept of social determinants of health was introduced in the overview section of this module. On this page, we will consider some of the research related to social determinants. \u2026.SDOH are about the quantity and quality of a variety of resources a society chooses to make available to its members\u2026\u2026more and more evidence has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":25,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2425","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2425"}],"version-history":[{"count":100,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2425\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15437,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2425\/revisions\/15437"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}