{"id":10,"date":"2011-10-17T13:44:39","date_gmt":"2011-10-17T18:44:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/bd-placeholder\/bd-2-1-genes-and-environments\/"},"modified":"2026-03-10T14:46:40","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T14:46:40","slug":"bd-2-1-genes-and-environments","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/bd-2-1-genes-and-environments\/","title":{"rendered":"2.1.A G\u00e8nes et environnement"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2011\/10\/Makoonsag8-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Une adulte qui serre dans ses bras un enfant tenant une poup\u00e9e.\" class=\"wp-image-407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/files\/2011\/10\/Makoonsag8-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/files\/2011\/10\/Makoonsag8.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le d\u00e9veloppement est fa\u00e7onn\u00e9, d\u00e8s la conception, par un m\u00e9lange de g\u00e8nes et d\u2019environnement. L\u2019enfant est influenc\u00e9 par les autres personnes, les ressources et les possibilit\u00e9s disponibles, et les mod\u00e8les culturels. Comme chaque enfant est diff\u00e9rent, les enfants qui vivent dans des environnements similaires peuvent avoir des r\u00e9sultats tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents. Les enfants, \u00e0 leur tour, influencent leurs environnements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comme cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 abord\u00e9 \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re section du pr\u00e9sent module, le d\u00e9bat sur la part de l\u2019inn\u00e9 et de l\u2019acquis est maintenant d\u00e9pass\u00e9. Notre patrimoine g\u00e9n\u00e9tique est fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 par nos exp\u00e9riences, et ce, d\u00e8s la conception. M\u00eame des jumeaux identiques, qui sont pareils sur le plan g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, ont des diff\u00e9rences. Celles-ci sont fa\u00e7onn\u00e9es par leurs environnements pendant la p\u00e9riode pr\u00e9natale et tout au long de la vie. Dans la vid\u00e9o qui suit, vous rencontrerez deux jumelles identiques, Brooke et Leah, qui ont tendance \u00e0 voir la vie diff\u00e9remment.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-ZD2UTc wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/files\/2022\/06\/185980970.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Identiques? (2:03)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/185980970?api=1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La prochaine lecture se trouve aussi \u00e0 la page 1.1 du pr\u00e9sent module. Elle pourrait vous \u00eatre utile pour l\u2019exploration de l\u2019information sur cette page-ci.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z2g5msv wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/read-basics-of-genetics-fr\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">LIRE<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Les bases de la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans la vid\u00e9o qui suit, Charles Nelson, Ph. D. et professeur en p\u00e9diatrie et neuroscience \u00e0 la Harvard Medical School, explique comment la biologie (g\u00e8nes\/inn\u00e9) et les exp\u00e9riences (environnements\/acquis) travaillent ensemble pour influencer le d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z3MXWO wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Nelson \u2013 l\u2019interaction entre les exp\u00e9riences et la biologie (1:50)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/287120925?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-nelson-how-experience-and-biology-interact-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Nelson \u2013 l\u2019interaction entre les exp\u00e9riences et la biologie &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Interaction entre les g\u00e8nes et l\u2019environnement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marla Sokolowski, Ph. D. et codirectrice du programme D\u00e9veloppement du cerveau et de l\u2019enfant \u00e0 l\u2019Institut canadien de recherches avanc\u00e9es, vient rench\u00e9rir sur la mani\u00e8re dont les g\u00e8nes et l\u2019environnement interagissent en expliquant que la sensibilit\u00e9 au m\u00eame environnement peut diff\u00e9rer chez les personnes ayant des all\u00e8les (formes de g\u00e8nes) diff\u00e9rents. Elle nous rappelle aussi de tenir compte des conditions environnementales positives qui favorisent le d\u00e9veloppement sain, plut\u00f4t que de nous concentrer sur les exp\u00e9riences n\u00e9gatives pendant la petite enfance.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Zfofnl wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Sokolowski \u2013 l\u2019interaction entre g\u00e8nes et environnement (2:22)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90200656?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-sokolowski-gene-by-environment-interaction-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sokolowski \u2013 l\u2019interaction entre g\u00e8nes et environnement &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>L\u2019interaction entre les g\u00e8nes et l\u2019environnement<\/em> peut s\u2019entendre des diff\u00e9rents effets li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019exposition <strong>environnementale\/exp\u00e9rientielle<\/strong> chez les personnes ayant diff\u00e9rents g\u00e9notypes, ou encore, des effets li\u00e9s \u00e0 un g\u00e9notype diff\u00e9rent chez les personnes ayant des <strong>expositions exp\u00e9rientielles<\/strong> variables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019Agence de la biom\u00e9decine offre un examen approfondi des g\u00e8nes, de l\u2019ADN, des chromosomes et de l\u2019h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9. Il explique \u00e9galement la fa\u00e7on dont les g\u00e8nes d\u2019une personne et l\u2019environnement interagissent de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 influencer l\u2019expression des traits.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-2kjuU0 wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.genetique-medicale.fr\/en-chiffres-et-en-images\/article\/les-notions-pour-mieux-comprendre-la-genetique \" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Les notions pour mieux comprendre la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Origines d\u00e9veloppementales de la sant\u00e9 et des maladies<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2024\/01\/iStock_000022431646_Medium-300x225-1.jpg\" alt=\"Un f\u0153tus dans l\u2019ut\u00e9rus.\" class=\"wp-image-13529\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.3333333333333333;object-fit:cover;width:250px\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il est tentant de nous concentrer sur les exp\u00e9riences survenant apr\u00e8s la naissance, mais, comme nous l\u2019avons appris dans la discussion sur l\u2019architecture du cerveau, les exp\u00e9riences pr\u00e9natales ont un formidable potentiel d\u2019influer sur le d\u00e9veloppement du cerveau. Avanc\u00e9e par David Barker, Ph. D. et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiste, en 1995, l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se des origines f\u0153tales attire notre attention sur la sensibilit\u00e9 extr\u00eame du f\u0153tus aux facteurs environnementaux n\u00e9gatifs. Barker a remarqu\u00e9 des liens entre la croissance f\u0153tale modifi\u00e9e attribuable \u00e0 la malnutrition f\u0153tale pendant la deuxi\u00e8me moiti\u00e9 de la gestation, et les maladies coronariennes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge adulte. Subs\u00e9quemment, les chercheurs en ont appris davantage sur les effets n\u00e9fastes caus\u00e9s par des facteurs comme la mauvaise alimentation et le stress pr\u00e9natal.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-1ta1oe wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/read-developmental-origins-of-health-and-disease-fr\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">LIRE<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Origines d\u00e9veloppementales de la sant\u00e9 et des maladies<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De nos jours, l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se des origines f\u0153tales s\u2019entend des origines d\u00e9veloppementales de la sant\u00e9 et des maladies (ODSM). \u00c9coutez maintenant Sir Peter Gluckman expliquer ce domaine d\u2019\u00e9tude en \u00e9volution.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-12fFyc wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Gluckman \u2013 le concept des origines d\u00e9veloppementales (0:40)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/119348554?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-gluckman-developmental-origins-concept-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gluckman \u2013 le concept des origines d\u00e9veloppementales &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meghan Azad, Ph. D., \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Manitoba, traite le concept des ODSM plus en d\u00e9tail et fournit des exemples tir\u00e9s de sa recherche.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-1gRBaT wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Azad \u2013 ODSM (2:17)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/857289468\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-azad-dohad-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Azad \u2013 ODSM &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meghan Azad est codirectrice du THRiVE Discovery Lab du Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba. Explorez le site Web de l\u2019institut pour en savoir plus sur les projets de recherche r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par les membres de son \u00e9quipe interdisciplinaire.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-Z1QYdEW wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thrivediscovery.ca\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">THRiVE Lab<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comme nous l\u2019avons d\u2019abord vu \u00e0 la page 1.1 du pr\u00e9sent module, la recherche sur l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique nous a amen\u00e9s \u00e0 reconsid\u00e9rer la relation entre nos syst\u00e8mes biologiques et l\u2019environnement qui nous entoure, et a montr\u00e9 que les exp\u00e9riences restent vraiment \u00ab grav\u00e9es \u00bb dans la personne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Le domaine de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique examine l\u2019incidence possible de l\u2019environnement et des exp\u00e9riences sur l\u2019expression des g\u00e8nes. \u00ab Le mot \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique\u00a0\u00bb est compos\u00e9 du mot \u00ab\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9tique\u00a0\u00bb et de la racine grecque \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9pi\u00a0\u00bb, qui signifie sur ou au-dessus de&#8230; La science de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique examine les processus qui marquent l\u2019ADN et qui peuvent modifier l\u2019expression g\u00e9nique sans modifier la s\u00e9quence g\u00e9n\u00e9tique sous-jacente de l\u2019ADN \u00bb (Sokolowski et Boyce, 2017b, para. 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La lecture suivante, tir\u00e9e de l\u2019<em>Encyclop\u00e9die sur le d\u00e9veloppement des jeunes enfants<\/em> pr\u00e9sente un survol du sujet de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-2jTrlJ wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enfant-encyclopedie.com\/pdf\/synthese\/epigenetique\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">LIRE<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">\u00c9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u2013 Synth\u00e8se<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meaghan Jones, Ph. D. et professeure adjointe au d\u00e9partement de biochimie et de g\u00e9n\u00e9tique m\u00e9dicale de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Manitoba, explique que l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique se rapporte aux origines d\u00e9veloppementales de la sant\u00e9 et des maladies (ODSM), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que ce que se produit t\u00f4t dans la vie a des cons\u00e9quences sur la sant\u00e9 tout au long de la vie. Elle utilise un exemple de prisme pour expliquer et d\u00e9crire comment elle en est venue \u00e0 ce mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZPuNVt wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Jones \u2013 le mod\u00e8le de prisme (3:32)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/295825052?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-jones-prism-model-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Jones \u2013 le mod\u00e8le de prisme- Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans la prochaine vid\u00e9o, Jones explique la recherche faite avec des souris pour examiner la fa\u00e7on dont les changements d\u2019alimentation d\u2019une souris maternelle entra\u00eenent des modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques dans la prog\u00e9niture.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1wOV72 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Jones \u2013 un exemple de mod\u00e8le de prisme (1:57)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/295825014?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-jones-prism-model-example-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Jones \u2013 un exemple de mod\u00e8le de prisme &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-269tky wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meaghan Jones et ses coll\u00e8gues utilisent des outils \u00e0 la fine pointe de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique pour examiner les expositions environnementales pendant les p\u00e9riodes pr\u00e9natales et de la petite enfance. Apprenez-en plus en explorant le laboratoire Jones \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Manitoba.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-2a6eYl wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.joneslaboratory.ca\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Laboratoire Jones [Anglais]<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au haut de la pr\u00e9sente page, nous avons examin\u00e9 le cas des jumelles Brooke et Leah qui, bien qu\u2019identiques, pr\u00e9sentent des comportements diff\u00e9rents. \u00c9coutez maintenant Michael Skinner, Ph. D. et professeur \u00e0 la School of Biological Sciences de la Washington State University, parler de la fa\u00e7on dont l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique explique les diff\u00e9rences entres des jumeaux identiques. Cette explication nous aide \u00e0 comprendre que les modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques surviennent apr\u00e8s la naissance, ainsi que pendant la p\u00e9riode pr\u00e9natale.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZPODl wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Skinner \u2013 l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique et les jumeaux (1:34)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/305834626?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-skinner-epigenetics-and-twins-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Skinner \u2013 l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique et les jumeaux &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Dans les deux prochaines vid\u00e9os, Michael Kobor, Ph. D., professeur au Department of Medical Genetics de la University of British Columbia et titulaire de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique sociale, explique les effets durables des modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques survenues pendant l\u2019enfance et pr\u00e9sente des exemples de la nouvelle recherche r\u00e9alis\u00e9e dans ce domaine. L\u2019explication de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique de Kobor aide \u00e0 clarifier la raison pour laquelle les exp\u00e9riences pendant la petite enfance ont une aussi \u00ab longue port\u00e9e \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1zjeu5 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Kobor \u2013 l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u00e0 la petite enfance expliqu\u00e9e (2:29)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125617096?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-kobor-early-life-epigenetics-explained-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kobor \u2013 l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u00e0 la petite enfance expliqu\u00e9e &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1VULRF wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Kobor \u2013 des exemples d\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique pendant la petite enfance (2:19)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125617097?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-kobor-epigenetics-examples-in-the-early-years-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kobor \u2013 des exemples d\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique pendant la petite enfance &#8211; Transcription Textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-1I1Crp wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kobor d\u00e9crit la recherche \u00e9mergente sur l\u2019influence n\u00e9gative li\u00e9e au fait de grandir dans un environnement \u00e0 faible statut socio\u00e9conomique, et la possibilit\u00e9 pour la bienveillance maternelle de jouer un r\u00f4le de tampon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comment cette explication de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique (gradateurs) vous aide-t-elle \u00e0 comprendre les r\u00e9percussions des conditions de vie \u00e0 la petite enfance sur la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre ult\u00e9rieurs?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selon vous, qu\u2019est-ce qui pourrait expliquer que le stress de la m\u00e8re et du p\u00e8re puisse avoir diff\u00e9rentes incidences sur les enfants \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes p\u00e9riodes de l\u2019enfance?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sokolowski r\u00e9sume la diff\u00e9rence entre une interaction g\u00e8ne-environnement (qu\u2019elle explique dans une vid\u00e9o plus haut sur cette page) et l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique. Elle nous rappelle aussi que la recherche dans ces domaines demeure tr\u00e8s r\u00e9cente et qu\u2019il reste encore beaucoup de questions \u00e0 examiner.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-23FMgf wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Sokolowski \u2013 la recherche (2:57)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90200705?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-sokolowski-research-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sokolowski \u2013 la recherche &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-1YBS6A wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plusieurs m\u00e9canismes biologiques diff\u00e9rents causent des modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques qui touchent l\u2019expression d\u2019un g\u00e8ne. Utilisant l\u2019analogie du gradateur, Sokolowski explique les m\u00e9canismes qui sont actuellement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-2p7Lmw wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Sokolowski \u2013 les m\u00e9canismes biologiques de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique (7:25)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/305834698?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-sokolowski-biological-mechanisms-of-epigenetics-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sokolowski \u2013 les m\u00e9canismes biologiques de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique &#8211; Transcription Textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans la prochaine lecture, tir\u00e9e de l\u2019<em>Encyclop\u00e9die sur le d\u00e9veloppement des jeunes enfants<\/em>, Sokolowski et Boyce d\u00e9crivent les derniers r\u00e9sultats portant sur les processus \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques : la m\u00e9thylation de l\u2019ADN, la modification des histones et l\u2019ARNnc. Ils abordent aussi les lacunes de la recherche, les enjeux et les implications pour les applications futures.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-3gOfh wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enfant-encyclopedie.com\/epigenetique\/selon-experts\/biologie-de-lepigenome\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">LIRE<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Biologie de l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9nome<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La prochaine lecture est tir\u00e9e du <em>Bulletin sur le d\u00e9veloppement des jeunes enfants<\/em> (2015). Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une br\u00e8ve description de la recherche r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Michael Kobor et Joanna Holbrook sur la susceptibilit\u00e9 individuelle aux modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Zpcoik wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enfant-encyclopedie.com\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/bulletins\/cedje-bulletin-vol-12-no-1-2015-fr.pdf#page=10\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">LIRE<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">L\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique et les fondements de la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">La recherche \u00e9mergente li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique explore si les modifications g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques sont transmises d\u2019une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration \u00e0 l\u2019autre (et aux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations ult\u00e9rieures). Moshe Szyf, Ph. D. et professeur \u00e0 la Faculty of Medicine and Therapeutics at McGill University, d\u00e9crit certains des premiers travaux actuellement en cours sur cette question.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZXXhH1 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Szyf \u2013 les modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelles, deux m\u00e9canismes (1:48)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125494293?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-szyf-intergenerational-epigenetic-changes-two-mechanisms-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Szyf \u2013 les modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelles, deux m\u00e9canismes &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z2rzhj8 wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Szyf \u2013 les modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelles des donn\u00e9es \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques (1:42)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125494292?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-szyf-intergenerational-epigenetic-changes-epidemiological-evidence-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Szyf \u2013 les modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelles des donn\u00e9es \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Skinner explique qu\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement fortuit dans son laboratoire a mis les chercheurs sur la piste du patrimoine transg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel, une forme de patrimoine non g\u00e9n\u00e9tique dans le cadre duquel les changements \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques dans le spermatozo\u00efde et les ovules sont transmis aux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations subs\u00e9quentes.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1ihJFn wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VISIONNER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Skinner \u2013 le patrimoine \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique transg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel (7:14)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/305834482?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-skinner-epigenetic-transgenerational-inheritance-fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Skinner \u2013 le patrimoine \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique transg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel &#8211; Transcription textuelle<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette recherche peut souligner l\u2019importance du d\u00e9veloppement du cerveau \u00e0 la petite enfance, mais il est essentiel de comprendre que les interactions g\u00e8ne-environnement et les effets \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques vont au-del\u00e0 de la petite enfance, et se poursuivent en fait tout au long de la vie. De plus, nous savons que certains g\u00e9nomes individuels sont plus vuln\u00e9rables que d\u2019autres aux modifications \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques en r\u00e9action \u00e0 l\u2019environnement et aux exp\u00e9riences. Cette d\u00e9couverte aide \u00e0 expliquer pourquoi seulement une fraction des gens d\u00e9veloppent un trouble de stress post-traumatique apr\u00e8s avoir v\u00e9cu la m\u00eame exp\u00e9rience, ou pourquoi certains fumeurs \u00e0 long terme d\u00e9veloppent un cancer et d\u2019autres n\u2019en d\u00e9veloppent pas.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-Z9RpYr wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour en savoir plus, lisez ce document de l\u2019Encyclop\u00e9die sur le d\u00e9veloppement des jeunes enfants.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-1JabV0 wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enfant-encyclopedie.com\/epigenetique\/selon-experts\/relations-entre-lepigenetique-et-ladversite-pendant-lenfance-et-le-risque\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">LIRE<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Relations entre l\u2019\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique et l\u2019adversit\u00e9 pendant l\u2019enfance et le risque pour le d\u00e9veloppement<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le site Web qui suit pr\u00e9sente certaines des recherches les plus r\u00e9centes en \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-explore-14HubB wp-block-lazyblock-explore\"><div class=\"explore context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedie-environnement.org\/sante\/epigenome-facteurs-environnementaux\/\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">EXPLORER<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Epig\u00e9n\u00e9tique : Comment l\u2019environnement influence nos g\u00e8nes<\/span>\n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement est fa\u00e7onn\u00e9, d\u00e8s la conception, par un m\u00e9lange de g\u00e8nes et d\u2019environnement. L\u2019enfant est influenc\u00e9 par les autres personnes, les ressources et les possibilit\u00e9s disponibles, et les mod\u00e8les culturels. Comme chaque enfant est diff\u00e9rent, les enfants qui vivent dans des environnements similaires peuvent avoir des r\u00e9sultats tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents. Les enfants, \u00e0 leur tour, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":25,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10"}],"version-history":[{"count":154,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16243,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10\/revisions\/16243"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition-fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}