{"id":28,"date":"2013-01-13T01:40:27","date_gmt":"2013-01-13T01:40:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/?page_id=28"},"modified":"2025-07-08T15:45:35","modified_gmt":"2025-07-08T15:45:35","slug":"cc03-individualpathways","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/cc03-individualpathways\/","title":{"rendered":"CC 1.2 Individual Differences"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/third-edition\/files\/2011\/10\/girl_resilience-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1430\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><\/strong>This page looks at the individual differences in stress reactivity and temperament. Children (and adults) respond to life&#8217;s challenges in very different ways. Adults play an important role in helping children to deal with stress and manage life&#8217;s ups and downs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Responding to stress<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-consider-full-Z2q7Vvk wp-block-lazyblock-consider-full\"><div class=\"consider-full\">\n<p>\n<strong>Consider&#8230;<\/strong><br><strong>Three children at the library<\/strong><br>Two-year-old Avery is at the library with her grandfather. They are watching a puppet show together with a dozen other children&#8230;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/consider-three-children-at-the-library\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-key-full-Z2aKzfT wp-block-lazyblock-key-full\"><div class=\"key-full\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three children, the same age, living in the same neighbourhood, having the same experience &#8211; yet they respond quite differently. Each child&#8217;s reactions and responses are based on his or her arousal and recovery to an incoming stressor. They have individual self-regulation patterns.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The late Sir Michael Rutter,\u00a0professor of Developmental Psychopathology at\u00a0King&#8217;s College London for many years, points to the importance of recognizing each child&#8217;s individuality. He explains it comes not just from genes, but from relationships with caregivers.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z117YGd wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Rutter &#8211; responding (2:28)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90183928?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-rutter-responding\/\" target=\"_blank\">Rutter &#8211; responding &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All of us, including babies and small children, respond differently to stressful events, large and small. Each person&#8217;s ability to cope, to regulate emotion, behaviour and attention is influenced by differences in brain and body reactions to challenges and new situations. As described in the Brain Development module, the stress reactivity system is set early in life. In the Brain Development module, you learned that Dr. Megan Gunnar, at the University of Minnesota, studies stress levels in humans by measuring concentrations of cortisol, a stress hormone secreted in saliva. Listen as Gunnar explains stressors and the difference between tolerable and intolerable stress.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z27HYvk wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Gunnar &#8211; stressful events (2:21)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90193876?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-gunnar-stressful-events\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gunnar &#8211; stressful events &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Having a caring adult nearby to help children cope and reduce their anxiety is especially important when children are in unfamiliar settings or going through frightening situations. In the following video, Dawn Kidder,\u00a0a child life specialist at Children&#8217;s Hospital in Winnipeg for over 32 years, explains how a child&#8217;s relationship with an adult primary caregiver helps to reduce the child&#8217;s anxiety about a medical procedure. Watch a demonstration of the hug-hold technique.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZzUwal wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Kidder &#8211; family-centred care and the hug hold (2:28)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90195147?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-kidder-family-centred-care-and-the-hug-hold\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kidder &#8211; family-centred care and the hug hold &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Temperament<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temperament&nbsp;can be defined as individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. It includes things like activity level, impulsivity, sensitivity and focusing attention. Temperament influences how people react to situations, interactions and environments. Understanding temperamental differences has a big impact on caregiving &#8211; making sense of children&#8217;s feelings and actions helps us to work with them. The next reading, from the <em>Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development,&nbsp;<\/em>explains temperament and offers suggestions for how to support children with different temperaments.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-Z2oXotp wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/coups-oeil\/temperament-info.pdf\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Temperament: Understanding your child&#8217;s unique personality<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From birth, children differ in their reactivity and self-regulation and follow different pathways. While all individuals are born with a tendency towards a particular set of temperamental characteristics, the social environment influences how those tendencies are expressed.\u00a0Even when children share similar experiences their temperaments, and therefore their reactions, may be different. The terms &#8220;goodness of fit&#8221;, and &#8220;the match&#8221; are commonly used to describe the temperamental similarities and differences between parent and child. In the following videos, Dr. Joan Durrant describes the importance of parents and caregivers understanding &#8220;the match&#8221; between parents and caregivers and the children that they support.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-ZzX5nP wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Durrant &#8211; child-caregiver match, part 1 (2:43)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90181974?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-durrant-child-caregiver-match-part-1\/\" target=\"_blank\">Durrant &#8211; child-caregiver match, part 1 &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript-Z1MOKRQ wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-transcript\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Durrant &#8211; child-caregiver match, part 2 (2:19)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90182052?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div><br>\n      <p><a href=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/transcript\/transcript-durrant-child-caregiver-match-part-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">Durrant &#8211; child-caregiver match, part 2 &#8211; Text Transcript<\/a><\/p>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do the next activity to test your understanding of the information on this page.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-interact-Z27EzgI wp-block-lazyblock-interact\"><div class=\"interact-link context-container\">\n  <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/hscsr.rrc.ca\/secd\/interactions\/ticTacSquares-CC1-2\/ticTacSquares-CC1-2.html\" class=\"tap-container interact\">\n    <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"tap-content\">\n      <span class=\"tap-label\">INTERACT<\/span>\n      <span class=\"tap-description\">Tic tac squares<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The information on this page strongly reinforces children are individuals who react differently to the world they live in and caregivers are also individuals with their own temperaments, strengths and challenges. In the next section, you will see examples of research relating to the development of children&#8217;s coping and competence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page looks at the individual differences in stress reactivity and temperament. Children (and adults) respond to life&#8217;s challenges in very different ways. Adults play an important role in helping children to deal with stress and manage life&#8217;s ups and downs. Responding to stress The late Sir Michael Rutter,\u00a0professor of Developmental Psychopathology at\u00a0King&#8217;s College London [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-28","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28"}],"version-history":[{"count":105,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8364,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28\/revisions\/8364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/secd-intro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}