{"id":253,"date":"2011-09-28T16:33:59","date_gmt":"2011-09-28T16:33:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/?page_id=253"},"modified":"2022-12-23T20:58:30","modified_gmt":"2022-12-23T20:58:30","slug":"ec-1-1-cultural-nature-of-human-development","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/ec-1-1-cultural-nature-of-human-development\/","title":{"rendered":"EC 1.1 Cultural nature of human development"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-2051\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"http:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/files\/2011\/09\/AKDN-Ali-Naemi-familyByYurtTajikistan3863.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2051\"\/><figcaption>AKDN\/Ali Naemi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Culture includes our values, our beliefs, and our ways of living. It is inseparable from language and in its broadest sense, encompasses everything we have learned from social experience. We cannot separate ourselves from our culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The graphic below shows an ecological framework in which culture is an overarching element. The habitat of the child consists of many nested layers including family members, friends, neighbourhood, possibly early childhood programs, school, and often places of faith. Less immediate forces include laws, governments, formal institutions, values, and the physical environment. However, the layers interact. For example, if there is a national policy of publicly supported health care, the child and family\u2019s daily experience can be profoundly affected.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/secd-files.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/aChildsWorld.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/secd-files.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/aChildsWorld.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6774\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Zv44PB wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Think for a moment about the layers in your world in childhood \u2013 or your child\u2019s world. How do they interrelate?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Culture is depicted as an overarching factor that crosses all of the circles. What do you think that means?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the following video, watch a snapshot of the daily life of a group of siblings and cousins living in a family compound in a remote rural region in northeastern <\/span>Afghanistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-ZmMXwH wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/files\/2022\/07\/87874603.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">A day in the life of children in the Wakhan Valley, Afghanistan (5:27)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: auto;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/87874603?api=1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z1NbRXl wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>What did you learn about daily life for these children?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Can you think of ways in which their cultural context is influencing their experiences?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What similarities and differences do you see in comparison with children&#8217;s daily life where you live?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Socio-cultural theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist in the early 20th Century, understood individual human development within its social, cultural, and historical context.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-16sLdY wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/secd-files.s3.amazonaws.com\/pdfs\/Vygotsky.pdf?X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA3JEJM3JRLSOOGYBG%2F20260627%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Date=20260627T004625Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=1000&amp;X-Amz-Signature=f05b51985ed03bd6570f6adf7cb5bd80861d889e8f3379f24ba6771d778f6eea\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Vygotsky and Socio-cultural Theory<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Dr. Barbara Rogoff (University of California Santa Cruz) and her colleagues (2003) define human development as a cultural process that takes place through changing participation in cultural activities. Childrearing practices are based in culture and reflect local views about the world and how we should ready children to participate in that world. Rogoff discusses different <span style=\"color: #000000;\">cultural <\/span>patterns. For example, some societies integrate children into community life while others segregate them in a &#8220;child world&#8221; (Gl\u0103veanu, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Different <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">cultural<\/span> <\/span>circumstances result in very different social skills, cognitive abilities, and feelings about one\u2019s self and others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The study of culture and development go together: Culture is best understood historically, examining how current practices reflect past circumstances and ideas, and seeing how new generations adapt practices of those who went before. This historical approach involves the development of individuals as well as of generations. Development is best understood culturally; all people develop in the context of particular times and places&#8221; (Rogoff in Glaveanu, 2011, p.410).<\/p><p><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z1R3yMT wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Can you identify ways your culture has influenced your development?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Are children part of mainstream community life or mostly part of a \u2018child world\u2019 where you live?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In what ways has childhood changed for children who are growing up where you did today?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Bronfenbrenner\u2019s ecological theory of human development views the individual and his or her culture as separate entities. From this perspective, culture influences the individual through characteristics of the home and community or through the more distant contexts of broader societal institutions. By contrast, Rogoff views culture as inseparable from the individual. Rogoff\u2019s approach merges Bronfenbrenner\u2019s view that the many layers of a child\u2019s environment interact with Vygotsky\u2019s view that children in all communities are cultural participants, who are living in a particular community at a specific time in history (V\u00e9lez-Agosto et al., 2017). <span style=\"color: #800080;\"><br><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Experiences and expectations of childhood<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The ecological model captures a basic truth about human development: there is no one \u2018childhood\u2019 just as there is no one \u2018adulthood.\u2019 Instead, every childhood is shaped by and experienced within a living context. A particular social, cultural, and physical geography sets the stage on which childhood is played out&#8221; (Woodhouse, B. 2020, p. 15).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Our views about sleeping, feeding, guidance, independence, and all the details, small and large to do with raising children, are all profoundly influenced by culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Variations in expectations for children make sense once we take into account different circumstances and traditions. They make sense in the context of differences in what is involved in preparing \u2018a meal\u2019 or \u2018tending\u2019 a baby, what sources of support and danger are common, who else is nearby, what the roles of local adults are and how they live, what institutions people use to organize their lives, and what goals the community has for development to mature functioning in those institutions and cultural practices\u201d (Rogoff, 2003, p. 6).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>While play is a dominant activity, in many parts of the world children are also often involved in adult tasks \u2013 caring for siblings, collecting firewood, herding cattle, working in the fields, and doing household chores. Before six or seven years of age, much of the work that young children do is regarded as play \u2013 and much of children\u2019s play imitates work performed by adults. In many communities, children around six or seven years old become responsible for something that is work and makes a contribution to the family or community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In many parts of the world, children have important responsibilities which can be considered as &#8220;work&#8221; that contributes to the family. Listen as Caroline Arnold, former Director of Education for the Aga Khan Foundation, discusses children\u2019s work and why, in her view, it is not a black and white issue.<\/span><br><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-Z1qnkcc wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Arnold &#8211; child work (2:29)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/199047917?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z2dOKNf wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>What do you think of Arnold&#8217;s comments?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Arnold distinguishes between child work and child labour. What does this mean in your context?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>She also says that children&#8217;s work is an avenue to self-worth. Have you seen examples of this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What is your experience with children\u2019s &#8220;work&#8221;?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The next video shows children in Mozambique helping with household work. Watch as a group of siblings help their mother with the harvest by shucking cobs of dried maize and then a grandmother helps her grandchildren prepare vegetables.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail-ZPFfEM wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand-thumbnail\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"video-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/files\/2022\/07\/196489600.jpg\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Children helping at home (4:06)<\/span>      \n         \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: auto;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/196489600?api=1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-1zLyCo wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Involving children, even very young children, in domestic chores is clearly part of daily life in these households.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What do you think children learn from these experiences?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The children are allowed to use knives for their work. What was your response to this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why would children\u2019s participation be not only common but necessary to the households?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Did you do household chores when you were a child? If so, do your children do as much as you did?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-Z2rPLpi wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The following reading continues the portrayal of the lives of young children in villages in Nepal but focuses on children\u2019s work.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-ZQnYF9 wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/courses.scienceofecd.com\/file.php\/1\/WordPressTemp\/pdfs\/Bringing_up_childrenChangingWorld.pdf#page=53\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Children&#8217;s work (pp. 84-88) in <em>Bringing up children in a changing world<\/em>)<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In some cultures, it is common for children to grow up in large extended families. In others, they live with only their immediate family \u2013 one or two parents and siblings. In the next clip, listen as Dr. Radhika Viruru, clinical professor at Texas A &amp; M University, discusses how this can affect perceptions of childhood, specific to family environments in India.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-Z1iTguk wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Viruru &#8211; interconnectedness (0:49)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90191661?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Consider the following example of the daily life of a child from rural Nepal growing up in an extended family.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-consider-full-azP9i wp-block-lazyblock-consider-full\"><div class=\"consider-full\">\n<p>\n<p><strong>Consider&#8230;<\/strong><strong>A typical day for three-year-old Jiwan, in Biskundanda<\/strong><br>At one o&#8217;clock he is tired again, and he has another short nap inside the house where his aunt is already sleeping. When he wakes up, his brother gives him some mango and plays with him for a while&#8230;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/secd-files.s3.amazonaws.com\/pdfs\/consider\/ATypicalDayForThreeYearOldJiwan-excerpt.pdf?X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA3JEJM3JRLSOOGYBG%2F20260627%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Date=20260627T004625Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=1000&amp;X-Amz-Signature=3f45bb3dee911ff6fb922824b32f27e04a4c566371b5ee728a7cd9d91660b160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z1YCao9 wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Who cares for Jiwan during the day?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What are some similarities and differences with Jiwan\u2019s experiences in comparison with childhood where you live?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jiwan\u2019s childhood adheres to the phrase \u201cit takes a village to raise a child\u201d. What does this phrase mean to you?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Viruru also describes some other differences in how children and childhood are typically viewed in India compared to typical Western thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-1ut1FV wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Viruru &#8211; views of childhood (3:27)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/90191790?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-Z1iBuzC wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Did you grow up in an extended or joint family? If yes, was this the common practice in your region?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How do you think this has influenced your notion of family and the roles of family members?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In your family experiences, was there a focus on individualism or interdependence? How might this impact your beliefs and practices about child-rearing?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Are things changing in your region with regard to child-rearing beliefs, practices, and\/or family structures?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shaping early development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Kang Lee\u2019s research, at the Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study at the University of Toronto,&nbsp;demonstrates the power of the cultural context in shaping early development. His studies of babies\u2019 visual attention and preferences have shown remarkable learning at very young ages. In the next clip, Lee describes the findings that babies show differences in facial preferences from a very young age, depending on their experience.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-1yHUsj wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Lee &#8211; early preferences for familiar faces (2:05)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125714268?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Listen as Lee explains that before a baby is even one year old, she or he will have learned the norms of their culture regarding eye contact.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-watch-expand-1lMmgl wp-block-lazyblock-watch-expand\"><div class=\"watch-expand expand-container context-container\">\n   <div class=\"watch tap-to-expand tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">VIEW<\/span>\n         <span class=\"tap-description\">Lee &#8211; cultural norms and early socialization (1:47)<\/span>\n        \n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"output-content collapse\" style=\"height: 0px;\">\n      <div class=\"vimeo-container\">\n         <iframe webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/125282740?api=1\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n      <\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-reflect-1J9GDl wp-block-lazyblock-reflect\"><div class=\"reflect\">\n\n\n<p>Can you identify cultural influences regarding social interactions in your context?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If Kang Lee is really talking about the foundations of social belonging, can you see advantages of exposing children to different kinds of faces?<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The next reading describes different cultural approaches to caregiving.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-10bWNd wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/secd-files.s3.amazonaws.com\/pdfs\/BVL_Culture-and-learning_pp12-15.pdf?X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA3JEJM3JRLSOOGYBG%2F20260627%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Date=20260627T004625Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=1000&amp;X-Amz-Signature=81367eebc65172d7c564a493ed619f417dd5dac757b6e9c4ba2e2bbd7ffdfbe0\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Cultures of caregiving, and caregiving interactions, in Early Childhood in Focus 6: Culture and learning, Bernard Van Leer Foundation, pp. 12 to 15.<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-further-full-Zm4gfn wp-block-lazyblock-further-full\"><div class=\"further-full\">\n<div class=\"wtkm\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p>For more information on culture and learning, see the full edition of the Bernard van Leer publication Early Childhood in Focus 6: <em>Culture and learning<\/em>. This comprehensive overview describes human development and learning as cultural processes with much variability. It includes thought-provoking policy questions.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"lazyblock-read-1CMItK wp-block-lazyblock-read\"><div class=\"read context-container\">\n   <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bernardvanleer.org\/app\/uploads\/2015\/12\/ECIF6_Culture-and-learning.pdf\" class=\"tap-container\">\n      <div class=\"tap-icon\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tap-content\">\n         <span class=\"tap-label\">READ<\/span><span class=\"tap-description\">Early Childhood in Focus 6: Culture and learning<\/span><\/span>      \n      <\/div>\n   <\/a>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Culture includes our values, our beliefs, and our ways of living. It is inseparable from language and in its broadest sense, encompasses everything we have learned from social experience. We cannot separate ourselves from our culture. The graphic below shows an ecological framework in which culture is an overarching element. The habitat of the child [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-253","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=253"}],"version-history":[{"count":77,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10919,"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/253\/revisions\/10919"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.scienceofecd.com\/akdn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}